{"results":[{"id":"doaj_10.5194/amt-18-5527-2025","title":"Towards sensible heat flux measurements with fast-response fine-wire platinum resistance thermometers on small multicopter uncrewed aerial systems","authors":[{"name":"N. Wildmann"},{"name":"L. Györy"}],"abstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study demonstrates the feasibility of measuring temperature variance and heat flux with self-calibrated fine-wire platinum resistance thermometers (FWPRT) on multicopter drones. The sensors are especially designed for light weight, fast response-times and to be carried on miniature drones for turbulence measurements. A significant improvement was found in vertical profiling of temperature gradients compared to slower solid-state sensors, demonstrating reduced hysteresis between ascent and descent phases and accurate representation of strong gradients. More than 100 single flights with the sensors attached to drones of the SWUF-3D fleet were carried out in vicinity to a meteorological mast array at the WiValdi wind energy research park in Northern Germany. The comparison to sonic anemometers shows that temperature variance can be accurately measured within the background flow variability. The same applies for heat flux, which was measured for the first time with multicopter UAS and the eddy covariance method without external sensors. Heat flux is a crucial parameter to understand the energy balance of the atmospheric boundary layer and turbulent mixing. An uncertainty below 50 W m\u003cspan class=\"inline-formula\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e−2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e was determined with the constraint that only low to moderate wind speed conditions (3–8 m s\u003cspan class=\"inline-formula\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e−1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) could be used to allow vertical wind speed measurements with the current algorithm. The results indicate that the temperature sensors are suited for heat flux measurements, but further improvements are necessary with regard to vertical wind speed estimates to decrease the overall uncertainty.\u003c/p\u003e","source":"DOAJ","year":2025,"language":"","subjects":["Environmental engineering","Earthwork. Foundations"],"doi":"10.5194/amt-18-5527-2025","url":"https://amt.copernicus.org/articles/18/5527/2025/amt-18-5527-2025.pdf","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":69},{"id":"arxiv_2508.15953","title":"A unified vertical alignment and earthwork model in road design with a new convex optimization model for road networks","authors":[{"name":"Sayan Sadhukhan"},{"name":"Warren Hare"},{"name":"Yves Lucet"}],"abstract":"The vertical alignment optimization problem in road design seeks the optimal vertical alignment of a road at minimal cost, taking into account earthwork while meeting all safety and design requirements. In recent years, modelling techniques have been advanced to incorporate: side slopes, multiple material types, multiple hauling types, and road networks. However, the advancements were created disjointly with implementations that only made a single advancement to the basic model. Herein, we present a mixed-integer linear programming optimization model that unifies all previous advancements. The model further improves on previous work by maintaining convexity even in the multi-material setting. We compare our new model to previous models, validate it numerically, and demonstrate its capability in approximating material volumes. Our new model performs particularly well for determining the optimal vertical alignment for large road networks.","source":"arXiv","year":2025,"language":"en","subjects":["math.OC"],"doi":"10.1080/0305215X.2025.2553635","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.15953","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2508.15953","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"2025-08-21T20:46:27Z","score":69},{"id":"ss_a2ab14f51d9453cab92d0ef6128820a09389e4fe","title":"Geological and engineering characteristics of the pyritic Triassic Westbury Formation and assessment of weathering implications for construction and material reuse","authors":[{"name":"M. A. Czerewko"},{"name":"M. Whitworth"}],"abstract":"During the early phase of ground preparation work for the Hinkley Point C site located on the North Somerset Coast, a much greater presence of Westbury Formation was exposed at shallow depths than had been anticipated. Fortunately, these occurrences were located away from the critical area of the development. However, the previous feasibilities studies carried out by others in support of the tender requirements had classified the very weak dark grey pyritous mudstone of the Westbury Formation as unsuitable for reuse as earthwork material. Consequently, the unexpected situation also presented further uncertainties for earthwork slopes, water-gallery foundations, and stockpiling. Under the circumstances decision was taken to re-examine the suitability of the Westbury lithologies for re-use as engineered fill due to the large volumes of excavated material and develop effective management of the exposed slopes. As the engineering behaviour of the Westbury lithology is poorly documented and no suitable guidance available, the material was evaluated at a site level during the phase of the pre-construction enabling works to foresee the likely weathering behaviour following exposure and design appropriate mitigation measures. Consequently, it was recognised that a rapid development of aggressive conditions was likely presenting significant detriment for the earthworks and slopes for which considered management for effective mitigation was developed. Comparison was made with the intermittent field analogues locally exposed along the adjacent north Somerset coast to help understand the rates and magnitude of change. Furthermore, a search of published work identified a paucity in studies relating to the engineering behaviour of the Westbury Formation. Therefore, findings of the targeted study better informed scheduling of earthworks and management of compaction works. The findings of the study are presented and discussed in this paper and offer brief insight into the behaviour of this fascinating pyritic mudstone to support ground engineering developments that may encounter Westbury strata. The studies concluded that the Westbury mudstone, which comprised the significant proportion of Westbury strata at the site is of very low durability and susceptible to rapid breakdown to a gravelly-silty-clay material. The Westbury deposits include significant material of high calcite content including subordinate lithologies of highly calcareous mudstone and argillaceous limestone that are of more favourable durability and break down over a slower period. The mudstone includes a high content of visible crystalline pyrite as well as the non-visible framboidal form. Although the visible form is generally considered as ‘the non-reactive’ form of pyrite, field evidence concluded that it was also susceptible to rapid oxidation. Based on the field studies, it was realised that the pyrite forms found in the Westbury strata present at the site were likely to oxidise rapidly following exposure. The acidity generated during the oxidation of pyrite would prove chemically aggressive to construction and natural ground material. Due to the high calcite content, reaction would occur with the acid producing selenite. At surface, much of the selenite would likely to be removed in solution due to a higher solubility brought about by the presence of chlorine in the marine environment but within disturbed and exposed strata and backfill heave could occur causing differential stressed and slope or foundation failures. Material storage would require timely management to avoid unnecessary exposure and limit degradation which was accomplished through an optimised compaction program determined by site trials on completion of the characterisation study. Slope and foundation excavations revealing Westbury strata necessitated treatment, which was provided with blinding concrete or shotcrete within 48 hours of exposure. Otherwise, material placed in loose stockpiles and allowed to weather would following rapid degradation and then be suitable for landscaping purposes and reuse as general platform construction fill, but that aggressive surface water flow from the stockpiled material would require appropriate containment and management.","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2025,"language":"en","subjects":null,"doi":"10.1144/qjegh2024-188","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/a2ab14f51d9453cab92d0ef6128820a09389e4fe","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":69},{"id":"ss_cde643e4d3a36a9b44e0d9f571e41ea0b9ef95cd","title":"The Charging Principle and Economic Analysis of Spiral Anchor Foundation of Transmission Line","authors":[{"name":"Yongping Li"},{"name":"Dongming Yang"},{"name":"Jingshuang Gan"},{"name":"Lefu Di"},{"name":"Jing Bai"},{"name":"Yuan Xiang"},{"name":"Dapeng Wang"},{"name":"Ruiyuan Han"},{"name":"Yonghua Guo"}],"abstract":"With the popularization of mechanized construction of transmission line engineering and the improvement of environmental and water conservancy requirements, some new types of foundations begun to be popularized and applied, and have great advantages. The spiral anchor foundation has the advantages of short construction period, fast mechanized construction speed, and can zero concrete and zero earthwork construction. According to the construction process and test requirements of the spiral anchor, the principle of cost estimation for the main body construction and test the spiral anchor foundation is proposed. Take the application of spiral anchor foundation in Inner Mongolia as an example, the economic critical point of spiral anchor foundation is obtained through cost comparison with the traditional foundation type.","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2025,"language":"en","subjects":null,"doi":"10.54097/azkz7558","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/cde643e4d3a36a9b44e0d9f571e41ea0b9ef95cd","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":69},{"id":"ss_54c6db769208ff2a0c18d61d5eb4b14bf425a8fe","title":"Shield and Spear on the Northern Frontier: The Relationship Between the Yan Great Wall and Iron Artifact Dissemination","authors":[{"name":"Xuefeng Liu"},{"name":"Maofa Jiang"}],"abstract":"This study examines the role of the Yan Great Wall in facilitating ironware diffusion through spatial analysis, archaeological typology, and textual research. Findings reveal that beyond military defense, the Wall propelled iron technology propagation via four pathways: (1) Engineering demand: Large-scale earthwork projects extensively utilized iron hoes (jue) and spades, stimulating production and circulation; (2) Settlement development: Military settlements transformed into civilian towns, fostering stable agricultural communities and iron tool adoption; (3) Border trade: Passes along the Wall facilitated complementary trade between agrarian and nomadic economies, accelerating east-west ironware circulation; (4) Population migration: The Yan court’s retreat to Liaodong with artisans leveraged the Wall’s protective function for technology transfer. The Yan Great Wall thus constructed a \"military-technological-economic\" network, serving as a critical conduit diffusing Central Plains iron culture northward and laying foundations for early iron-using societies in Northeast Asia.","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2025,"language":"en","subjects":null,"doi":"10.56028/aehssr.15.1.64.2025","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/54c6db769208ff2a0c18d61d5eb4b14bf425a8fe","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":69},{"id":"ss_9b5c20d6db9d2907b382f52c9732a0dcb075b493","title":"Ground Improvement and Construction Challenges of Massive Fine-Grained Fill Embankments to Support Settlement Sensitive Structures","authors":[{"name":"C. Dowell"}],"abstract":"Design and construction of massive thick fills over compressible clayey soils due to the highly variant topography is a challenge in itself. Additionally, when the use of on-site fine-grained soils (that would typically be discarded) is needed, the geotechnical challenges increase. This paper presents the soil investigations, geotechnical design evaluations, ground improvement recommendations, quality assurance program and post-construction settlements measurements for several large warehouses within a 300-acre logistic complex in Costa Rica. This site required thick fills between 15 to 25 feet (5 to 8 meters) to be constructed in order to create large building pads, roads and parking areas. Due to the large warehouse areas between 86,000 to 215,000 (8,000 to over 20,000 meter2), the necessary earthwork operations had to be performed utilizing majority of onsite soils to make the project economically feasible. A comprehensive QA/QC program was developed/executed during the filling process to minimize the risk associated with fine-grained fill materials (volcanic clays/silts). Additionally, post-fill confirmatory field tests (e.g. CPT, plate load test) were performed to validate the strength and modulus values of the compacted fill. The subsurface conditions consisted of soft clayey soil layers, with thicknesses ranging from 8 to 18 feet (2.5 to 5.5 meters). Given the large footprints of the warehouses and relatively high structural loads at the columns and floors; a combination of several cost-effective ground improvement techniques were recommended to minimize settlements. Preload heights between 6.5 to 10 feet (2 to 3 meters) were utilized to simulate future floor loads. A detailed stress distribution model/analysis was performed to minimize the soft native soil replacement depth and area beneath the footings. Settlement plates were installed prior to fill placement to monitor the required fill and the different recommended preload heights. These plates provided real-time settlements during the filling process and beyond, providing data to back-calculate the soil’s geotechnical parameters. This information was used to refine our design calculations and estimate future settlements more accurately. Post-shell construction settlement measurements confirmed our settlement predictions and models during design.","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2025,"language":"en","subjects":null,"doi":"10.37308/dfi50.1030407","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/9b5c20d6db9d2907b382f52c9732a0dcb075b493","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":69},{"id":"ss_410fa375c5d3cc05fc629f3d7ef2eb943b7d3927","title":"Geogrid reinforcement for improving bearing capacity and stability of square foundations","authors":[{"name":"Mortada Salim Hussain"},{"name":"Alaa M. Shaban"},{"name":"Hussein H. Hussein"}],"abstract":"Abstract Shallow foundations are often the most economical option for building support, as they distribute structural weight to soil layers, require minimal earthwork, and do not necessitate specialized machinery. The most common type of soil in the city of Karbala is sandy soil. It is granular and loose by nature which has a relatively low bearing capacity. According to previous studies, the soil weakness is one of the problems with shallow foundation construction. Thus, the aim of this study is to improve the properties of the soil using geogrid reinforcement. Three critical parameters are examined, including depth, size, and number of geogrid layers in the soil reinforcement process to increase bearing capacity and decrease soil settling. The effect of geogrid depth (u) was studied by considering four depth ratios (u/B = 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0) in order to determine the ideal depth of the geogrid layer, where (B) refers to the width of the footings. The results indicated that a decrease in depth ratio significantly increased the bearing capacity of footings built on reinforced soil layers compared to those built on natural soil, and the settlement reduction ratio (SRR) also increased. The size of the geogrid layer (i.e., width of the geogrid layer (b) was evaluated by evaluating four size ratios (b/B = 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, and 6.0). With an increasing size ratio of the geogrid layer, the bearing capacity ratio (BRC) was significantly improved. Additionally, the study examined the optimal number of geogrid layers, focusing on single and multiple layers with N = 1, 2, 3, and 4. The results showed a higher BRC for footings on reinforced soil layers, as well as a significant rise in SRR with an increase in the number of geogrid layers. Finally, it was concluded that the optimal depth ratio was u/B = 0.5, the size ratio was b/B = 4.5, and reinforced with three geogrid layers, which provided the highest bearing capacity and SRR. The experimental test results were verified by comparing them with those calculated using theoretically developed models. The variation between the experimental and theoretical results is reasonable, confirming that the experimental testing results exhibit a high degree of accuracy.","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2024,"language":"en","subjects":null,"doi":"10.1515/eng-2024-0021","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/410fa375c5d3cc05fc629f3d7ef2eb943b7d3927","pdf_url":"https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/eng-2024-0021/pdf","is_open_access":true,"citations":4,"published_at":"","score":68.12},{"id":"ss_ec8a0143a811b6f9802040ce9ae71b1b9dbd2653","title":"3D Numerical Modelling of Shallow Footing Resting on Tire-Derived Aggregate Backfill","authors":[{"name":"Mustafa Shaheen"},{"name":"S. Ahirwar"}],"abstract":"","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2024,"language":"en","subjects":null,"doi":"10.1007/s40515-024-00501-8","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/ec8a0143a811b6f9802040ce9ae71b1b9dbd2653","is_open_access":true,"citations":1,"published_at":"","score":68.03},{"id":"doaj_10.5194/amt-17-2595-2024","title":"Cloud detection from multi-angular polarimetric satellite measurements using a neural network ensemble approach","authors":[{"name":"Z. Yuan"},{"name":"Z. Yuan"},{"name":"G. Fu"},{"name":"B. van Diedenhoven"},{"name":"H. X. Lin"},{"name":"H. X. Lin"},{"name":"J. W. Erisman"},{"name":"O. P. Hasekamp"}],"abstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis paper describes a neural network cloud masking scheme from PARASOL (Polarization and Anisotropy of Reflectances for Atmospheric Science coupled with Observations from a Lidar) multi-angle polarimetric measurements. The algorithm has been trained on synthetic measurements and has been applied to the processing of 1 year of PARASOL data. Comparisons of the retrieved cloud fraction with MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) products show overall agreement in spatial and temporal patterns, but the PARASOL neural network (PARASOL-NN) retrieves lower cloud fractions. Comparisons with a goodness-of-fit mask from aerosol retrievals suggest that the NN cloud mask flags fewer clear pixels as cloudy than MODIS (\u003cspan class=\"inline-formula\"\u003e∼\u003c/span\u003e 3 % of the clear pixels versus \u003cspan class=\"inline-formula\"\u003e∼\u003c/span\u003e 15 % by MODIS). On the other hand the NN classifies more pixels incorrectly as clear than MODIS (\u003cspan class=\"inline-formula\"\u003e∼\u003c/span\u003e 20 % by NN, versus \u003cspan class=\"inline-formula\"\u003e∼\u003c/span\u003e 15 % by MODIS). Additionally, the NN and MODIS cloud mask have been applied to the aerosol retrievals from PARASOL using the Remote Sensing of Trace Gas and Aerosol Products (RemoTAP) algorithm. Validation with AERONET shows that the NN cloud mask performs comparably with MODIS in screening residual cloud contamination in retrieved aerosol properties. Our study demonstrates that cloud masking from multi-angle polarimeter (MAP) aerosol retrievals can be performed based on the MAP measurements themselves, making the retrievals independent of the availability of a cloud imager.\u003c/p\u003e","source":"DOAJ","year":2024,"language":"","subjects":["Environmental engineering","Earthwork. Foundations"],"doi":"10.5194/amt-17-2595-2024","url":"https://amt.copernicus.org/articles/17/2595/2024/amt-17-2595-2024.pdf","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":68},{"id":"arxiv_2401.02698","title":"A multi-objective optimization framework for terrain modification based on a combined hydrological and earthwork cost-benefit","authors":[{"name":"Hanwen Xu"},{"name":"Mark Randall"},{"name":"Lei Li"},{"name":"Yuyi Tan"},{"name":"Thomas Balstrøm"}],"abstract":"The escalating risk of urban inundation has drawn increased attention to urban stormwater management. This study proposes a multi-objective optimization for terrain modification, combining the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) with digital elevation model (DEM)-based hydrological cost factor analysis. To reduce the precipitation erosive forces and runoff kinetic energy, the resulting framework offers the possibility of efficiently searching numerous solutions for trade-off sets that meet three conflicting objectives: minimizing maximum flow velocity, maximizing runoff path length and minimizing earthwork costs. Our application case study in Høje Taastrup, Denmark, demonstrates the ability of the optimization framework to iteratively generate diversified modification scenarios, which form the reference for topography planning. The three individual objective preferred solutions, a balanced solution, and twenty solutions under regular ordering are selected and visualized to determine the limits of the optimization and the cost-effectiveness tendency. Integrating genetic algorithms with DEM-based hydrological analysis demonstrates the potential to consider more complicated hydrological benefit objectives with open-ended characteristics. It provides a novel and efficient way to optimize topographic characteristics for improving holistic stormwater management strategies.","source":"arXiv","year":2024,"language":"en","subjects":["cs.CE"],"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.02698","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2401.02698","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"2024-01-05T08:06:59Z","score":68},{"id":"ss_444ea9375b1f15e8c7850e469ebdf966d1e44fc9","title":"Nonlinear models of the soil base for slab culculations","authors":[{"name":"S. Dostanova"},{"name":"Zaure Kalpenova"},{"name":"S. Shayakhmetov"},{"name":"G. Kasymova"},{"name":"K.E. Tokpanova"}],"abstract":"The proposed algorithm for calculating the base of dense clay soils was used in the calculation of rigid airfield and automobile coverings, railway embankments and slab foundations of large structures and in the body of earthworks (earthwork of hydraulic structures, earthwork of railways and highways, earthen dams) under static influences. The results of their numerical calculations showed that the linear models of such structures differ significantly from the real behavior of the soil, taking into account their plastic and rheological properties (sediments are underestimated by 2–3 times). The modules of soil deformation G (shear resistance) decrease when using nonlinear models, which leads to an increase in rheological and plastic properties, this process depends on the rate of intensity of deformations and stresses. All this must be taken into account when constructing and operating large and responsible structures. This requires a deeper study of the soil properties, confirmed by experimental data. In this work the equations of the soil state, experimentally obtained using triaxial compression devices, were used and an algorithm for calculating the soil base was compiled on their basis. The advantage of this algorithm is that it allows to obtain solutions for 3 base models and evaluate their effect on the stress-strain state inside the considered array and under the sole of the slab foundation. This is especially important for predicting the sediment of foundations for large-scale buildings and structures and the operation of the body of earthworks","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2024,"language":"en","subjects":null,"doi":"10.21303/2461-4262.2024.003484","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/444ea9375b1f15e8c7850e469ebdf966d1e44fc9","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2024.003484","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":68},{"id":"ss_407320ca032c6c54efb47b179cc2819b720546c3","title":"Study on the Principle of Cost Calculation and Economy of Steel Screw Anchors","authors":[{"name":"Jingshuang Gan"},{"name":"Lingyun Li"}],"abstract":"With the popularization of mechanized construction of transmission line engineering and the improvement of environmental water protection requirements, some new foundations have been popularized, and have great advantages. The steel spiral anchor foundation has the advantages of short construction period, quick mechanization construction speed, and zero concrete and zero earthwork construction. According to the construction process and test requirements of steel screw anchor, the principle of calculating the construction and test cost of steel screw anchor is put forward, the economic critical point of steel screw anchor is obtained.","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2024,"language":"en","subjects":null,"doi":"10.62051/p58qav73","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/407320ca032c6c54efb47b179cc2819b720546c3","pdf_url":"https://wepub.org/index.php/TEBMR/article/download/1685/1876","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":68},{"id":"ss_1027f8b6781b0c8c0e715c79db05abe1a5a3acd5","title":"The Generalized Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criterion","authors":[{"name":"Dongshuai Tian"},{"name":"Hong Zheng"}],"abstract":"With the construction of supertall buildings such as high earth dams, the linear envelope of the Mohr-Coulomb (M-C) failure criterion fitted to lower confined pressure would significantly underestimate the loading capacity of foundations, causing a huge increase in the amount of earthwork. Given that the M-C criterion has dominated in the stability analysis of geotechnical structures, it is proposed in this study that the M-C criterion remain invariant in form but the cohesion c and the frictional factor f be related to the coefficient of intermediate principal stress b, called the Generalized Mohr-Coulomb (GMC) criterion. In other words, c and f are both functions of b, written as c(b) and f(b). In the simplest way, the GMC criterion for soils, a true three-dimensional failure criterion, can be established by using a piece of conventional triaxial apparatus. The GMC has a non-smooth strength surface like its conventional version. However, we prove from true triaxial tests and the characteristic theory of stress tensors that the failure surfaces in the stress space should be non-smooth per se for b = 0 or 1. Comparisons with other prominent failure criteria indicate that the GMC fits the test data best.","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2023,"language":"en","subjects":null,"doi":"10.3390/app13095405","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/1027f8b6781b0c8c0e715c79db05abe1a5a3acd5","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/9/5405/pdf?version=1682503467","is_open_access":true,"citations":24,"published_at":"","score":67.72},{"id":"ss_95887c4116303d04989e2dbae0b7e40f15e56805","title":"Interaction of conical monolithic thin-walled reinforced concrete shells with the soil of the foundation","authors":[{"name":"V. Panteleienko"},{"name":"S. Karpushyn"},{"name":"A. L. Chervonoshtan"}],"abstract":"Conical monolithic thin-walled reinforced concrete blocks (shells) can be used as foundations for frame structures and buildings with load-bearing walls. As an analogue of columnar foundations, this type has the advantage of the speed of installation. It almost wholly excludes earthwork and formwork from the technological process, provided that the physical and mechanical properties of the soil base are improved. Shells are immersed in the supporting soil base with the help of dynamic or static loading. Additional soil base compaction occurs due to interaction with the conical outer surface of the shells. The work aims to develop the theoretical foundations for modelling, mathematical description and the possibility of optimizing the process of sinking monolithic thin-walled spatial reinforced concrete shells that model foundations for low-rise technological or residential facilities. Based on the analysis of the ”hammer-head-shell-soil” system, an elastic-viscous-plastic model with an attached soil mass was developed and presented, which is used as a basis for developing a system of nonlinear differential equations of the second order. The article provides recommendations on the impact of structural and technological factors on the failure rate and the contact stresses in the hammer-shell zone. The following factors have a significant influence on the failure of the shell: the height of the hammer lift, soil resistance, and the ratio of the masses of the hammer and the shell. The effect of shock-absorbing elements is insignificant. The greatest influence on the magnitude of the contact forces in the zone of the hammer-shell has: the height of the fall of the hammer and the stiffness of the resilient gasket.","source":"Semantic Scholar","year":2023,"language":"en","subjects":["Physics"],"doi":"10.1088/1755-1315/1254/1/012058","url":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/95887c4116303d04989e2dbae0b7e40f15e56805","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/1254/1/012058/pdf","is_open_access":true,"citations":1,"published_at":"","score":67.03},{"id":"arxiv_2211.05552","title":"Information-Theoretic Foundations of DNA Data Storage","authors":[{"name":"Ilan Shomorony"},{"name":"Reinhard Heckel"}],"abstract":"Due to its longevity and enormous information density, DNA is an attractive medium for archival data storage. Thanks to rapid technological advances, DNA storage is becoming practically feasible, as demonstrated by a number of experimental storage systems, making it a promising solution for our society's increasing need of data storage. While in living things, DNA molecules can consist of millions of nucleotides, due to technological constraints, in practice, data is stored on many short DNA molecules, which are preserved in a DNA pool and cannot be spatially ordered. Moreover, imperfections in sequencing, synthesis, and handling, as well as DNA decay during storage, introduce random noise into the system, making the task of reliably storing and retrieving information in DNA challenging. This unique setup raises a natural information-theoretic question: how much information can be reliably stored on and reconstructed from millions of short noisy sequences? The goal of this monograph is to address this question by discussing the fundamental limits of storing information on DNA. Motivated by current technological constraints on DNA synthesis and sequencing, we propose a probabilistic channel model that captures three key distinctive aspects of the DNA storage systems: (1) the data is written onto many short DNA molecules that are stored in an unordered fashion; (2) the molecules are corrupted by noise and (3) the data is read by randomly sampling from the DNA pool. Our goal is to investigate the impact of each of these key aspects on the capacity of the DNA storage system. Rather than focusing on coding-theoretic considerations and computationally efficient encoding and decoding, we aim to build an information-theoretic foundation for the analysis of these channels, developing tools for achievability and converse arguments.","source":"arXiv","year":2022,"language":"en","subjects":["cs.IT"],"doi":"10.1561/0100000117","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.05552","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2211.05552","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"2022-11-10T13:19:52Z","score":66},{"id":"arxiv_2211.06718","title":"Philosophical Foundations of Loop Quantum Gravity","authors":[{"name":"Carlo Rovelli"},{"name":"Francesca Vidotto"}],"abstract":"Understanding the quantum aspects of gravity is not only a matter of equations and experiments. Gravity is intimately connected with the structure of space and time, and understanding quantum gravity requires us to find a conceptual structure appropriate to make sense of the quantum aspects of space and time. In the course of the last decades, an extensive discussion on this problem has led to a clear conceptual picture, that provides a coherent conceptual foundation of today's Loop Quantum Gravity. We review this foundation, addressing issues such as the sense in which space and time are emergent, the notion of locality, the role of truncation that enables physical computations on finite graphs, the problem of time, and the characterization of the observable quantities in quantum gravity.","source":"arXiv","year":2022,"language":"en","subjects":["gr-qc","hep-th","physics.hist-ph"],"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.06718","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2211.06718","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"2022-11-12T18:22:13Z","score":66},{"id":"arxiv_2202.01892","title":"Univalent foundations and the equivalence principle","authors":[{"name":"Benedikt Ahrens"},{"name":"Paige Randall North"}],"abstract":"In this paper, we explore the 'equivalence principle' (EP): roughly, statements about mathematical objects should be invariant under an appropriate notion of equivalence for the kinds of objects under consideration. In set theoretic foundations, EP may not always hold: for instance, the statement '1 \\in N' is not invariant under isomorphism of sets. In univalent foundations, on the other hand, EP has been proven for many mathematical structures. We first give an overview of earlier attempts at designing foundations that satisfy EP. We then describe how univalent foundations validates EP.","source":"arXiv","year":2022,"language":"en","subjects":["math.LO","cs.LO","math.HO"],"doi":"10.1007/978-3-030-15655-8","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2202.01892","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2202.01892","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"2022-02-03T22:58:40Z","score":66},{"id":"crossref_10.1002/gete.202000015","title":"The design of plane earthwork structures on pile foundations","authors":[{"name":"Berthold Klobe"}],"abstract":"AbstractA newly developed design concept for plane earthwork structures on pile foundations is presented. This design concept is based on a complex mathematical background that has been derived using fundamental mechanical principles. The mechanical system comprises the arching effect in a plane earthwork structure on punctual supports. It incorporates the effect of an elastic membrane that is formed by orthogonal ribs of geogrids, the modulus of subgrade reaction between the piles and the elastic settling of the piles. Some practical design examples are shown. The important aspects of the analysis and the design are pointed out. The complete mathematical background and a comprehensive design tool for free use have been prepared and are provided through a download link: https://gft‐pes.blogspot.com.","source":"CrossRef","year":2021,"language":"en","subjects":null,"doi":"10.1002/gete.202000015","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/gete.202000015","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/gete.202000015","is_open_access":true,"citations":2,"published_at":"","score":65.06},{"id":"crossref_10.1007/978-3-030-58292-0_50038","title":"Earthwork","authors":null,"abstract":"","source":"CrossRef","year":2021,"language":"en","subjects":null,"doi":"10.1007/978-3-030-58292-0_50038","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58292-0_50038","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":65},{"id":"doaj_10.5194/amt-14-7627-2021","title":"Evolution under dark conditions of particles from old and modern diesel vehicles in a new environmental chamber characterized with fresh exhaust emissions","authors":[{"name":"B. Vansevenant"},{"name":"B. Vansevenant"},{"name":"B. Vansevenant"},{"name":"C. Louis"},{"name":"C. Louis"},{"name":"C. Ferronato"},{"name":"L. Fine"},{"name":"P. Tassel"},{"name":"P. Perret"},{"name":"E. Kostenidou"},{"name":"B. Temime-Roussel"},{"name":"B. D'Anna"},{"name":"K. Sartelet"},{"name":"V. Cerezo"},{"name":"Y. Liu"}],"abstract":"\u003cp\u003eAtmospheric particles have several impacts on health and the environment, especially in urban areas. Parts of those particles are not fresh and have undergone atmospheric chemical and physical processes. Due to a lack of representativeness of experimental conditions and experimental artifacts such as particle wall losses in chambers, there are uncertainties on the effects of physical processes (condensation, nucleation and\ncoagulation) and their role in particle evolution from modern vehicles. This study develops a new method to correct wall losses, accounting for\nsize dependence and experiment-to-experiment variations. It is applied to the evolution of fresh diesel exhaust particles to characterize the physical\nprocesses which they undergo. The correction method is based on the black\ncarbon decay and a size-dependent coefficient to correct particle\ndistributions. Six diesel passenger cars, Euro 3 to Euro 6, were driven on a chassis dynamometer with Artemis Urban cold start and Artemis Motorway cycles. Exhaust was injected in an 8 m\u003cspan class=\"inline-formula\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e chamber with Teflon walls. The\nphysical evolution of particles was characterized during 6 to 10 h.\nIncrease in particle mass is observed even without photochemical reactions due to the presence of intermediate-volatility organic compounds and semi-volatile organic compounds. These compounds were quantified at\nemission and induce a particle mass increase up to 17 % h\u003cspan class=\"inline-formula\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e−1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, mainly for the older vehicles (Euro 3 and Euro 4). Condensation is 4 times\nfaster when the available particle surface is multiplied by 6.5. If initial particle number concentration is below [8–9] \u003cspan class=\"inline-formula\"\u003e×\u003c/span\u003e 10\u003cspan class=\"inline-formula\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e cm\u003cspan class=\"inline-formula\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e−3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, a nucleation mode seems to be present but not\nmeasured by a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS). The growth of nucleation-mode particles results in an increase in measured [PN]. Above this threshold, particle number concentration decreases due to coagulation, up to \u003cspan class=\"inline-formula\"\u003e−\u003c/span\u003e27 % h\u003cspan class=\"inline-formula\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e−1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. Under those conditions, the chamber and experimental setup are well suited to characterizing and quantifying the process of coagulation.\u003c/p\u003e","source":"DOAJ","year":2021,"language":"","subjects":["Environmental engineering","Earthwork. Foundations"],"doi":"10.5194/amt-14-7627-2021","url":"https://amt.copernicus.org/articles/14/7627/2021/amt-14-7627-2021.pdf","is_open_access":true,"published_at":"","score":65}],"total":637756,"page":1,"page_size":20,"sources":["CrossRef","DOAJ","arXiv","Semantic Scholar"],"query":"Earthwork. Foundations"}