Rajakarjalaismurteiden kielikontaktit venäläiskopioiden taajuuden ja fonologian valossa

Tama korpuspohjainen kielikontaktitutkimus kasittelee venajan kielen mallin mukaisten ainesten (Lars Johansonin termilla: “kopioiden”) taajuutta ja fonologisia piirteita Suomessa puhutuissa rajakarjalaismurteissa, jotka jakautuvat kuuteen pitajanmurteeseen. Tutkimuksen aineistona on 1960- ja 1970-lukujen murrehaastatteluista koostuva synkroninen Raja-Karjalan korpus. Raja-Karjalan etela- ja livvinkarjalaiset murteet ovat muusta karjalasta poiketen olleet intensiivisessa kontaktissa suomen kieleen osin jo 1600-luvulta alkaen ja viimeistaan vuonna 1944 alkaneena siirtokarjalaisaikana. Suomen kielen oletetaan vaikuttaneen karjalalle tyypillisen venalaisperaisen sanaston kayttoon. Tutkimuskohteena ovatkin sellaiset venalaiskopiot, jollaisia ei esiinny suomen kielessa. Tilastolliset testit osoittivat, etta erot venalaiskopioiden taajuuksissa pitajanmurteissa ovat tilastollisesti merkitsevat: eniten venalaiskopioita on itaisimmassa ja vahiten lantisimmassa pitajanmurteessa, vaikka informantit eivat ole asuneet alkuperaisilla puhuma-alueilla yli 20 vuoteen. Tulos vahvistaa leksikon osalta yleisitamerensuomalaisen hypoteesin, jonka mukaan venajan vaikutuksen voimakkuus on jatkumon kaltaista lannesta itaan. Myos fonologisen analyysin tulokset noudattelevat tallaista jatkumoa: suomen kielen fonotaksiin kuulumattomia konsonantteja esiintyi eniten itaisimmassa ja vahiten lantisimmassa pitajanmurteessa. Sen sijaan vokaaleissa ei esiintynyt tallaista jatkumoa, mutta niiden laadussa on jalkia kontaktista seka venajan pohjoismurteisiin etta yleiskieleen.  *** Language contacts of Border Karelian dialects in the light of frequency and phonology of Russian copies This article presents a corpus- and usage-based study on the contacts of Border Karelian dialects from the point of view of Russian-origin words ( copies , in Lars Johanson’s terminology) and their phonological features. The aim of the study is to describe the contacts between Border Karelian, i.e. partly mixed Southern and Olonets Karelian dialects, Finnish and Russian by comparing the dialects of six parishes as reflected in the synchronic spoken-language corpus of Border Karelian.  The dialects of Border Karelia were spoken until World War II in the easternmost part of Finland. They are distinguished from other varieties of Karelian by the strong influence of Finnish; this began already in the 17th century, and strengthened after 1944, when Border Karelia was ceded to the Soviet Union and its inhabitants were resettled in other parts of Finland. The material of the corpus of Border Karelian has been recorded after the resettlement, from informants who no longer lived in their original home regions.  The study focuses on Russian copies that are a conventionalized part of Karelian and do not occur in Finnish. The statistical tests indicated that differences in the frequencies of these words are statistically significant between the original parish dialects; the easternmost dialect has the most Russian copies, and the number of copies decreases from east to west with each successive parish. The results confirm the general hypothesis of Finnic language varieties as a continuum, on which the effect of Russian gradually grows as one moves east. The continuum is geographical, and thus Olonets Karelian dialects do not have more Russian copies than Southern Karelian dialects, opposite to the assumptions. Accordingly, the results of the phonological analysis show that features which deviate from the phonotactics of Finnish are most frequent in the easternmost dialects and rarer in the west. The features of vowels indicate that all Border Karelian dialects have had intense contact with both North Russian dialects and Standard Russian.  In conclusion, the lexical and phonological impact of Russian on Border Karelian, increasing gradually from west to east, can be detected in the speech of Border Karelian informants even two decades after their resettlement to a Finnish-speaking environment.