Writing as an object and subject of science: semiotics, philology, linguistics and paralinguistics of writing

The purpose of this article is to systematically organize the philological and semiotic sciences that examine the phenomenon of writing from various perspectives: as a representative form of language, a communicative system of sociolinguistic practice, a texture of speech, and a sign system characterized by a distinct set of signs. The multifaceted nature of writing has given rise to a wide array of theoretical and applied scientific disciplines connected to it. It has been established that the study of writing encompasses four primary areas of knowledge: semiotics, philology, linguistics, and paralinguistics. This classification aligns with the overall trajectory of philological science and its broader activities. Moreover, within these areas, we can identify several subfields: general theoretical disciplines (such as general philology and grammatology), specific theoretical disciplines (including graphics, graphemics, and metagraphemics), applied disciplines (like paleography, textology, and sphragistics), orthological studies (pertaining to spelling and punctuation), practical disciplines (such as typography and script decipherment), and even artistic practices (like calligraphy and font design).