Overview and future challenges of nearly zero-energy building (nZEB) design in Eastern Europe

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2022.112165 0378-7788/ 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Abbreviations: AEC, Architectural Engineering, and Construction; AC, Air conditioning; ACH, Air change per hour; BPS, Building Performance Simulation; CEN, E Committee for Standardization; CDD, cooling degree days; DBT, Dry Bulb Temperature; DHW, Domestic Hot Water; EE, Eastern European; EPBD, Energy Perform Building Directive; EPC, Energy Performance Certificate; EUI, Energy Use Intensity; EU, European Union; ETICS, External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems; FIT Tariff; GHG, Greenhouse Gas; HDD, heating degree days; HP, Heat Pump; HRV, Heat recovery ventilation; HVAC, Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning; IEA, Inte Energy Agency; IEE, Intelligent Energy Europe; IEQ, Indoor Environmental Quality, LCA, Life Cycle Assessment; MS, Member States; MVHR, Mechanical Ventilation w Recovery; nZEB, nearly Zero Energy Buildings; NZEB, Net Zero Energy Buildings; OT, Operative Temperature; PE, Primary Energy; PEF, Primary Energy Factor; PH House; PMV, Predicted Mean Vote; PV, Photovoltaic; RES, Renewable Energy Systems; SCOP, Seasonal Coefficient of Performance; SEER, Seasonal Energy Efficiency R Smart Readiness Indicator; SHW, Solar Hot Water; SME, Small and Middle Enterprise; VRF, Variable refrigerant flow; WWR, Window to Wall Ratio. ⇑ Corresponding author. E-mail address: shady.attia@uliege.be (S. Attia). Shady Attia a,⇑, Jarek Kurnitski , Piotr Kosiński , Anatolijs Borodin ecs , Zsofia Deme Belafi , Kistelegdi István , Hrvoje Krstić , Macedon Moldovan , Ion Visa , Nicolay Mihailov , Boris Evstatiev , Karolis Banionis , Miroslav Čekon , Silvia Vilčeková, Karel Struhala , Roman Brzoň , Oriane Laurent a,o