The global threat of wire snare poaching: A comprehensive review of impacts and research priorities

Wire snare poaching is an indiscriminate and pervasive form of hunting that poses a significant threat to global biodiversity. However, research synthesizing the ecological and socio-economic dimensions of snaring remains limited. To address this gap, we systematically reviewed 304 studies published between January 1977 and May 2025 to: (1) assess the global distribution of wire snaring research, (2) examine spatio-temporal trends, (3) identify core research themes, and (4) determine key knowledge gaps. We found that snaring is a global issue, occurring across Africa, Australia, Asia, North America, and Europe. Despite the global nature and increasing magnitude of snaring research over the past three decades, most research attention was in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia. Through thematic analysis, we identified five core wire snare research themes: Direct Effects, Indirect Effects, Optimized Detection, Socio-economic Dimensions, and Management Interventions. While Direct Effects (mortality and injuries) are well-documented, Indirect Effects, such as altered predator prey dynamics and behavioral shifts, remain limited, underscoring the need for innovative methodologies to better capture non-consumptive impacts of snaring. Emerging research on Optimized Detection, including machine learning, shows promise but requires further validation to overcome low snare detectability. Addressing Socio-economic Dimensions, including poverty, bushmeat demand, and community perceptions, is critical for designing effective Management Interventions. Integrated approaches combining law enforcement with community-driven conservation strategies are gaining traction. However, further research is needed to assess effectiveness and adapt-ability. Expanding geographic representation, advancing interdisciplinary research, and refining intervention strategies is essential to mitigating the threat of snaring and informing conservation policies globally.