Gender Equality and Decent Work Environment in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review and Future Agenda towards Sustainable Development

Abstract This study reviews recent empirical research on gender equality and decent work environments in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), highlighting their vital role in sustainable development. The scoping review encompasses studies published from 2018 to 2024 and credible international reports to depict the current state of SSA. The findings indicate modest advancements in gender equality and decent work in SSA, notably through increased educational opportunities, women’s labor force participation, and legal reforms. For example, gender pay equity in SSA improved slightly, with women earning 40–46 % less than men, and a parity score of 68.4 % in 2024, marking a 0.4 % increase from 2023 and a total improvement of five-percentage-point since 2006. However, challenges persist, such as wage disparities and higher unemployment among young women (27 %) compared to young men (16.9 %). The Gender Inequality Index reflects uneven progress across the region, with some countries like Cabo Verde and Mauritius achieving higher rankings in gender equality, while others, such as Nigeria and Somalia, face systemic barriers such as structural inequalities, weak policy enforcement, and cultural discrimination. Implementation of decent work principles including fair wages, safe working conditions, and social protections also remains inconsistent across SSA. Challenges such as inadequate social protections and limited equitable employment opportunities, hinder socioeconomic development. The study recommends a coordinated approach among governments, organizations, and stakeholders to align SSA’s progress with global gender equity and decent work standards, thereby advancing sustainable development.