Investigation of processes in swelling soils depending on natural moisture content

The problem of soil swelling due to soaking is an important aspect of geotechnical analysis, especially in the design and construction of buried structures and foundations. In the conditions of Ukraine, where the creation of underground shelters is relevant, swelling soils create additional risks for the stability of structures. A separate threat is soil soaking, which can be caused by extinguishing fires during military operations. Studies of swelling clay soils have shown their orthotropy, which is manifested in a significant predominance of horizontal swelling over vertical - the difference can reach 60%. This causes not only an increase in the load on the foundation slabs, but also significant lateral pressure on buried structures. This feature of soils affects their deformation behavior, which must be taken into account when calculating the stability of buildings. Laboratory analysis of swelling confirmed the dependence of the degree of soil deformation on its initial humidity. A pattern has been observed, according to which soils with lower natural moisture content demonstrate a significantly higher swelling potential after soaking. This means that forecasting the moisture regime and preliminary analysis of hydrogeological conditions at the construction site are key factors in minimizing the risk of deformation and damage to structures. In the context of buried structures, it is necessary to consider not only vertical loads, but also possible lateral pressure on underground structures. This requires the implementation of additional structural measures aimed at strengthening the soils and increasing their stability. A thorough analysis of soil conditions, taking into account swelling factors and the use of effective methods of combating swelling will significantly reduce risks, ensure the durability of structures and their reliability of operation.