Business transformation in Slovak companies shaped by digital technology adoption, sustainability orientation and strategic resilience

Research background: Digital transformation has become a strategic imperative for companies worldwide, yet the heterogeneity in adoption patterns remains poorly understood, particularly in transitional economies. Existing research predominantly focuses on large economies, whilst small European countries face distinct institutional environments. The interplay between digital maturity, strategic orientation, and economic performance represents a critical knowledge gap. Purpose of the article: The study aims to identify distinct clusters of Slovak companies based on their attitudes towards artificial intelligence, sustainability orientation, and strategic resilience. The research determines how these clusters differ in technology adoption, perceived barriers, and economic performance outcomes. Methods: The study employs quantitative research based on a structured survey of 402 Slovak companies conducted between February and July 2025. The methodological framework integrates k-means cluster analysis using twelve indicators. The optimal two-cluster solution was validated through the elbow method and silhouette analysis, with principal component analysis providing visualization. Chi-square tests examined differences between clusters across technology adoption, barriers, and performance indicators. Findings & Value added: The analysis reveals a fundamental structural divide within Slovak companies, identifying digitally advanced and traditional companies with significantly different profiles. Advanced companies demonstrate substantially higher adoption of Big Data analytics, ERP systems, and e-commerce platforms. Paradoxically, these companies perceive stronger barriers to transformation, including legal and regulatory uncertainty, implementation costs, system integration issues, and financial and network constraints, revealing a paradox of digital advancement. Most significantly, advanced companies report superior economic performance in turnover and EBIT changes. The research contributes novel evidence from a transitional economy, addressing gaps in comparative digital transformation research. Findings provide actionable insights for policymakers and managers navigating transformation complexities.