Top challenges to widespread 3D concrete printing (3DCP) adoption – A review

Abstract 3D concrete printing (3DCP) is a recent trend in the construction sector. In 3DCP, the concrete is pumped layer by layer through a nozzle attached to a robotic arm to print structural components or the entire building. The application of 3DCP is not just limited to the earth; it’s also gaining traction in space habitat construction. However, there are constraints associated with using 3DCP in construction projects. This review details the top challenges faced in the 3DCP process related to material, strength, printer and highlights the applications of 3DCP in the construction sector. By choosing the suitable materials and configuring the printing parameters, it is possible to overcome the material and structural strength-related challenges such as workability, hardening time, mechanical and durability properties. The use of 3DCP on construction sites certainly provides cost and waste reductions, faster build rates, safer working environments and the possibility of more intricate architecture. Reinforcing methods and sustainable processes are the most frequently encountered issues with the 3DCP. Lack of technology, material variability, process optimization and many other issues are barriers to advancing 3D printing technology for concrete. It is concluded that 3DCP has potential and opportunity for the construction if the challenges are addressed.