BIM Ledger: a blockchain integration framework for automated progress payments in cast-in-place concrete construction

This study investigates the technical feasibility and initial user perceptions of combining Building Information Modelling (BIM) with blockchain technology to support semi-automated progress payment processes in cast-in-place concrete wall systems. A Design Science Research (DSR) approach, embedded within an exploratory case study, was adopted to design and assess BIM Ledger, a prototype integrating BIM-based validation with Hyperledger Fabric smart contracts. The prototype was evaluated through simulation tests and practitioner interviews. Results demonstrate technical feasibility, achieving performance levels of 81%–95% across functionality, interoperability and security metrics. Key implementation barriers were identified, including system integration challenges with legacy ERP systems, organisational readiness gaps and regulatory uncertainties. Practitioner feedback corroborated the prototype's potential to enhance transparency and trust while highlighting governance concerns. This study is limited by its single-case design in a Brazilian construction setting, which restricts the generalisability of the results. The prototype was tested in a simulated environment rather than live project sites, leaving data gaps, untested ERP synchronisation issues and multi-stakeholder governance complexities unresolved. Practitioner feedback was based on only two individuals, which is insufficient to draw broad conclusions about user acceptance. Future studies should conduct pilot tests in operational settings, involve broader stakeholder groups, apply game-theoretic or agent-based modelling to multi-actor interactions and verify findings across different regulatory and economic contexts, particularly by comparing emerging and developed markets. Organisations exploring BIM-blockchain payment integration should adopt a phased strategy: begin with small-scale pilot projects alongside existing traditional systems before scaling up. The main technical hurdle is integrating with ERP systems, which necessitates specialised middleware development. To be legally enforceable under Brazilian law, smart contracts need to be clearly referenced within traditional construction agreements. Budget planning must include costs for organisational change management, staff training, regulatory compliance and technical expenses. The estimated prototype cost of USD 15,446 makes it feasible for medium- and large-sized contractors. Additionally, projected savings in administrative labour and dispute resolution strongly support investing in broader deployment. Integrating BIM with blockchain can help address payment inequities in construction supply chains, particularly for subcontractors and suppliers in emerging markets, who often experience payment delays. By replacing manual payment approvals with transparent, cryptographically secured automation, the system minimises the risk of manipulation and fosters trust among parties with differing bargaining power. In Brazil, combining this automation with PIX's instant transfer system could markedly improve cash flow for small businesses, enhance workforce stability, reduce insolvency risks and promote a fairer construction industry. This study is among the first to empirically demonstrate BIM-blockchain integration within Brazil's construction industry. Its novel contribution resides in a two-layer development approach that combines Smart Contracts with a BIM Layer, analysed through the Technology-Organisation-Environment (TOE) framework. Furthermore, the study uniquely simulates payment processes using PIX, Brazil's instant interbank transfer system.