Different sensor based intelligent spraying systems in Agriculture

Abstract Chemical application of nutrients and pesticides is one of the most important processes in agricultural production, but also one of the most dangerous agricultural operations. To improve the chemical efficacy, reduce chemical and labor costs, minimize labor hazards, and reduce the harmful environmental damage. Variable-rate spray applications that use intelligent control systems can significantly reduce pesticide use and off-target environmental pollution. Real-time variable-rate spraying technology offers effective and efficient use of pesticides. The variable-rate spray allows the farmers to apply pesticides only on the target, using only the correct amount based on the canopy size, season, and growth phase of the plants. In the past few decades, target detection systems have been developed using advanced methods such as laser and vision scanning systems or, more simply, ultrasound, infrared, and spectrum systems. Real-time target detection spray Systems used for the detection of the geometric properties of tree plants are reviewed in detail. Among these methods, machine vision and laser scanners systems are possibly the most capable and complementary means of obtaining three-dimensional (3D) images and maps of plants and canopies. This paper discusses a review of various sensing technologies available for the determination of canopy structural parameters and discusses how they are used for precision spraying. Some of the challenges and considerations of the use of these sensors and technologies are also discussed.