NIM: an AR story map framework for representing spatiotemporal contexts in history

ABSTRACT Maps are crucial for presenting and disseminating geographic information, serving as vital instruments for reconstructing historical spaces and conveying historical memories. However, existing mapping platforms lack accessible and dynamic media that can effectively enhance public understanding of historical spatiotemporal contexts. Augmented Reality (AR) technology and Narrative Theory have introduced innovative dimensions to map presentation, although a coherent framework for AR story maps remains underexplored. This study proposes a narrative and interaction framework (NIM) for AR story maps, integrating Historical Geographic Information System (HGIS), cartography, Narrative Theory, and AR technology. The NIM framework encompasses three dimensions: “Spatiotemporal Narrative,” “Human – Computer Interaction,” and “Map Object Container.” Using the Nanjing safety zone as a case study, this paper illustrates the practical application of NIM through narrative design, data digitization, and AR interaction. The resulting product is a dynamic and disseminable map, which offers an engaging way to communicate historical contexts. Finally, a map cognition experiment illustrated the advantages and potential of AR maps in historical storytelling. Overall, this study sheds light on the theoretical and practical applications of AR maps in cartography and narrative studies. Key policy highlights As a framework for AR maps, NIM provides a three-dimensional approach, expanding and innovating the research on historical GIS and spatiotemporal narrative in the era of digital transformation. AR Story Maps based on the NIM framework represent an innovative electronic medium for the bi-directional dissemination of information, providing a novel approach to improving public awareness of historical spaces and memories, thereby contributing to the advancement of history education. By facilitating real-time public feedback and fostering active engagement, NIM-based platforms support policymakers to leverage cutting-edge technologies such as AR to safeguard, transmit, and disseminate cultural heritage.