Semantic Scholar Open Access 2024 412 sitasi

Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Austin E. Schumacher H. Kyu Amirali Aali C. Abbafati Jaffar Abbas +495 lainnya

Abstrak

Summary Background Estimates of demographic metrics are crucial to assess levels and trends of population health outcomes. The profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations worldwide has underscored the need for timely estimates to understand this unprecedented event within the context of long-term population health trends. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provides new demographic estimates for 204 countries and territories and 811 additional subnational locations from 1950 to 2021, with a particular emphasis on changes in mortality and life expectancy that occurred during the 2020–21 COVID-19 pandemic period. Methods 22 223 data sources from vital registration, sample registration, surveys, censuses, and other sources were used to estimate mortality, with a subset of these sources used exclusively to estimate excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 2026 data sources were used for population estimation. Additional sources were used to estimate migration; the effects of the HIV epidemic; and demographic discontinuities due to conflicts, famines, natural disasters, and pandemics, which are used as inputs for estimating mortality and population. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate under-5 mortality rates, which synthesised 30 763 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 1365 surveys and censuses, and 80 other sources. ST-GPR was also used to estimate adult mortality (between ages 15 and 59 years) based on information from 31 642 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 355 surveys and censuses, and 24 other sources. Estimates of child and adult mortality rates were then used to generate life tables with a relational model life table system. For countries with large HIV epidemics, life tables were adjusted using independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated via an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, and other data sources. Excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 was determined by subtracting observed all-cause mortality (adjusted for late registration and mortality anomalies) from the mortality expected in the absence of the pandemic. Expected mortality was calculated based on historical trends using an ensemble of models. In location-years where all-cause mortality data were unavailable, we estimated excess mortality rates using a regression model with covariates pertaining to the pandemic. Population size was computed using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model. Life expectancy was calculated using age-specific mortality rates and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered values from a 1000-draw posterior distribution. Findings Global all-cause mortality followed two distinct patterns over the study period: age-standardised mortality rates declined between 1950 and 2019 (a 62·8% [95% UI 60·5–65·1] decline), and increased during the COVID-19 pandemic period (2020–21; 5·1% [0·9–9·6] increase). In contrast with the overall reverse in mortality trends during the pandemic period, child mortality continued to decline, with 4·66 million (3·98–5·50) global deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2021 compared with 5·21 million (4·50–6·01) in 2019. An estimated 131 million (126–137) people died globally from all causes in 2020 and 2021 combined, of which 15·9 million (14·7–17·2) were due to the COVID-19 pandemic (measured by excess mortality, which includes deaths directly due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and those indirectly due to other social, economic, or behavioural changes associated with the pandemic). Excess mortality rates exceeded 150 deaths per 100 000 population during at least one year of the pandemic in 80 countries and territories, whereas 20 nations had a negative excess mortality rate in 2020 or 2021, indicating that all-cause mortality in these countries was lower during the pandemic than expected based on historical trends. Between 1950 and 2021, global life expectancy at birth increased by 22·7 years (20·8–24·8), from 49·0 years (46·7–51·3) to 71·7 years (70·9–72·5). Global life expectancy at birth declined by 1·6 years (1·0–2·2) between 2019 and 2021, reversing historical trends. An increase in life expectancy was only observed in 32 (15·7%) of 204 countries and territories between 2019 and 2021. The global population reached 7·89 billion (7·67–8·13) people in 2021, by which time 56 of 204 countries and territories had peaked and subsequently populations have declined. The largest proportion of population growth between 2020 and 2021 was in sub-Saharan Africa (39·5% [28·4–52·7]) and south Asia (26·3% [9·0–44·7]). From 2000 to 2021, the ratio of the population aged 65 years and older to the population aged younger than 15 years increased in 188 (92·2%) of 204 nations. Interpretation Global adult mortality rates markedly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, reversing past decreasing trends, while child mortality rates continued to decline, albeit more slowly than in earlier years. Although COVID-19 had a substantial impact on many demographic indicators during the first 2 years of the pandemic, overall global health progress over the 72 years evaluated has been profound, with considerable improvements in mortality and life expectancy. Additionally, we observed a deceleration of global population growth since 2017, despite steady or increasing growth in lower-income countries, combined with a continued global shift of population age structures towards older ages. These demographic changes will likely present future challenges to health systems, economies, and societies. The comprehensive demographic estimates reported here will enable researchers, policy makers, health practitioners, and other key stakeholders to better understand and address the profound changes that have occurred in the global health landscape following the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, and longer-term trends beyond the pandemic. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Topik & Kata Kunci

Medicine

Penulis (500)

Austin E. Schumacher

H. Kyu

Amirali Aali

C. Abbafati

Jaffar Abbas

Rouzbeh Abbasgholizadeh

M. Abbasi

Mohammadreza Abbasian

S. ElHafeez

Michael Abdelmasseh

S. Abd-Elsalam

Ahmed Abdelwahab

Mohammad Abdollahi

M. Abdoun

Auwal Abdullahi

Ame Mehadi Abdurehman

Mesfin Abebe

Aidin Abedi

Armita Abedi

Tadesse M. Abegaz

R. Zuñiga

E. Abhilash

O. Abiodun

R. Aboagye

Hassan Abolhassani

M. Abouzid

Lucas Guimarães Abreu

Woldu Aberhe Abrha

M. R. Abrigo

Dariush Abtahi

Samir Abu Rumeileh

N. Abu-Rmeileh

Salahdein Aburuz

A. Abu-Zaid

J. M. Acuna

Tim Adair

Isaac Yeboah Addo

O. Adebayo

O. Adegboye

Victor Adekanmbi

Bashir Aden

Abiola Adepoju

C. Adetunji

T. Adeyeoluwa

O. Adeyomoye

Rishan Adha

Amin Adibi

W. Adikusuma

Q. Adnani

Saryia Adra

Abel Afework

A. Afolabi

Ali Afraz

Shadi Afyouni

Saira Afzal

P. Agasthi

Shahin Aghamiri

A. Agodi

Williams Agyemang-Duah

B. Ahinkorah

Aqeel Ahmad

Danish Ahmad

Firdos Ahmad

Muayyad M. Ahmad

Tauseef Ahmad

K. Ahmadi

A. M. Ahmadzade

M. Ahmadzade

Ayman Ahmed

H. Ahmed

Luai A. Ahmed

M. Ahmed

Syed Anees Ahmed

Marjan Ajami

Budi Aji

O. Ajumobi

G. T. Akalu

E. Akara

K. Akinosoglou

Sreelatha Akkala

Samuel Akyirem

H. A. Hamad

S. M. Hasan

Ammar Al Homsi

M. Qadire

Moein Ala

Timothy Olukunle Aladelusi

T. AL-Ahdal

Samer O. Alalalmeh

Z. Al-Aly

K. Alam

Manjurul Alam

Zufishan Alam

Rasmieh M. Al-amer

F. Alanezi

Turki M. Alanzi

M. Albashtawy

Mohammad T. Albataineh

R. Aldridge

Sharifullah Alemi

A. Al-Eyadhy

A. Al-Gheethi

K. Alhabib

F. Alhalaiqa

M. K. Al-Hanawi

Abid Ali

Akhtar Ali

B. Ali

Hassam Ali

M. Ali

Rafat Ali

Syed Shujait Shujait Ali

Zahid Ali

S. A. Samakkhah

G. Alicandro

S. M. Alif

Mohammad Aligol

Rasoul Alimi

Ahmednur Adem Aliyi

Adel Al-Jumaily

S. Aljunid

W. Almahmeed

Sabah Al-Marwani

S. Al-Maweri

Joseph Almazan

Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi

Omar Almidani

Mahmoud A. Alomari

Nivaldo Alonso

J. Alqahtani

A. Alqutaibi

Salman Khalifah Al-Sabah

Awais Altaf

J. Al-Tawfiq

K. Altirkawi

F. J. Alvi

H. Alwafi

Y. Al-Worafi

Hany Aly

K. Alzoubi

A. Amare

E. Ameyaw

A. F. Amhare

T. Amin

Alireza Amindarolzarbi

J. A. Dehkordi

Sohrab Amiri

Hubert Amu

D. Amugsi

J. Amzat

R. Ancuceanu

D. Anderlini

Pedro Prata Andrade

C. Andrei

Tudorel Andrei

Dhanalakshmi Angappan

Abhishek Anil

Afifa Anjum

C. Antony

E. Antriyandarti

Iyadunni A. Anuoluwa

S. Anwar

A. Anyasodor

Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah

M. Aqeel

J. Arabloo

R. Bahri

M. Arab-Zozani

M. Arafat

Ana Margarida Araújo

Aleksandr Y. Aravkin

A. Aremu

Hany Ariffin

T. Aripov

B. Armocida

Mahwish Arooj

A. Artamonov

K. D. Artanti

Judie Arulappan

Idowu Aruleba

R. T. Aruleba

Ashokan Arumugam

Malke Asaad

Saeed Asgary

Mubarek Yesse Ashemo

M. Ashraf

M. O. Asika

S. Athari

M. Atout

A. Atreya

Sameh Attia

A. Aujayeb

Abolfazl Avan

A. Awotidebe

B. Quintanilla

M. Ayanore

Getnet Melaku Ayele

J. Ayuso-Mateos

S. M. Ayyoubzadeh

S. Azadnajafabad

G. Azhar

Shahkaar Aziz

A. Azzam

Mina Babashahi

Abraham Samuel Babu

Muhammad Badar

A. Badawi

A. Badiye

Soroush Baghdadi

Nasser Bagheri

S. Bagherieh

S. Bah

S. Bahadorikhalili

Jianjun Bai

Ruhai Bai

Jennifer L. Baker

Shankar M. Bakkannavar

A. T. Bako

Senthilkumar Balakrishnan

Saliu A Balogun

Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu

Kiran Bam

Maciej Banach

Soham Bandyopadhyay

B. Banik

Palash Chandra Banik

Hansi Bansal

S. Barati

M. Barchitta

Mainak Bardhan

S. Barker-Collo

Francesco Barone-Adesi

H. Barqawi

Ronald D Barr

L. Barrero

Zarrin Basharat

Asma'u I J Bashir

H. Bashiru

P. Baskaran

Buddha Basnyat

Q. Bassat

João Diogo Basso

S. Basu

Kavita Batra

Ravi Batra

B. Baune

M. Bayati

N. Bayileyegn

Thomas Beaney

Neeraj Bedi

Tahmina Begum

Emad Behboudi

A. Behnoush

Maryam Beiranvand

Diana Fernanda Bejarano Ramirez

U. Belgaumi

Michelle L. Bell

A. Bello

M. Bello

O. Bello

Luis Belo

Apostolos Beloukas

S. Bendak

Derrick A. Bennett

I. Benseñor

Habib Benzian

Z. Berezvai

Adam E. Berman

A. N. Bermudez

P. J. Bettencourt

Habtamu B. Beyene

Kebede A. Beyene

D. Bhagat

A. Bhagavathula

N. Bhala

Ashish Bhalla

Dinesh Bhandari

Nikha Bhardwaj

Pankaj Bhardwaj

Prarthna V. Bhardwaj

A. Bhargava

Sonu M M Bhaskar

Vivek Bhat

G. K. Bhatti

Jasvinder Singh Bhatti

M. Bhatti

Rajbir Bhatti

Z. Bhutta

B. Bikbov

Nada Binmadi

B. S. Bintoro

A. Biondi

C. Bisignano

F. Bisulli

Atanu Biswas

R. Biswas

Saeid Bitaraf

T. Bjørge

A. Bleyer

M. S. Boampong

V. Bodolica

Aadam Olalekan Bodunrin

Obasanjo Afolabi Bolarinwa

Milad Hashemi

A. Bonny

Kaustubh Bora

B. Basara

S. B. Borodo

Rohan Borschmann

A. B. Carvajal

S. Bouaoud

S. Boudalia

Edward J. Boyko

N. Bragazzi

Dejana Braithwaite

H. Brenner

Gabrielle Britton

A. Browne

A. Brunoni

Norma B. Bulamu

L. Bulto

Danilo Buonsenso

Katrin Burkart

Richard A. Burns

S. Nagaraja

Reinhard Busse

Yasser K. Bustanji

Z. Butt

F. C. Santos

Tianji Cai

D. Calina

L. Cámera

L. A. Campos

Ismael Campos-Nonato

Chao Cao

C. Cardenas

Rosario Cárdenas

Sinclair Carr

G. Carreras

J. Carrero

A. Carugno

F. Carvalho

M. Carvalho

J. Castaldelli-Maia

C. Castañeda-Orjuela

G. Castelpietra

F. Catalá-López

A. Catapano

M. Cattaruzza

A. Caye

Christopher R. Cederroth

Francieli Cembranel

Muthia Cenderadewi

Kelly M. Cercy

Ester Cerin

Muge Cevik

P. R. Chacón-Uscamaita

Yaacoub Chahine

C. Chakraborty

Jeffrey Shi Kai Chan

Chin-Kuo Chang

P. Charalampous

J. Charan

Vijay Kumar Chattu

V. Chatzimavridou-Grigoriadou

M. P. Chavula

H. Cheema

An-Tian Chen

Haowei Chen

Lingxiao Chen

M. Chen

Simiao Chen

N. Cherbuin

Derek S. Chew

Gerald Chi

Jesus Lorenzo Chirinos-Caceres

Abdulaal Chitheer

So Mi Jemma Cho

William C. S. Cho

Bryan Chong

Hitesh Chopra

Rahul Choudhary

Rajiv Chowdhury

D. Chu

I. Chukwu

Eric Chung

Eunice Chung

S. Chung

K. Cini

Cain C T Clark

Kaleb Coberly

A. Columbus

H. Comfort

J. Conde

Sara Conti

P. Cortesi

V. M. Costa

Ewerton Cousin

R. Cowden

M. Criqui

N. Cruz-Martins

Garland T Culbreth

Patricia Cullen

Matthew Cunningham

D. P. D. Silva

Sriharsha Dadana

O. Dadras

Zhaoli Dai

K. Dalal

Lachlan L. Dalli

G. Damiani

Emanuele D’Amico

Sara Daneshvar

A. Darwesh

Jai K Das

Saswati Das

N. Dash

M. Dashti

C. Dávila-Cervantes

N. Weaver

K. Davletov

Diego De Leo

Aklilu Tamire Debele

L. Degenhardt

Reza Dehbandi

Lee Deitesfeld

Iván Delgado-Enciso

Laura Delgado-Ortiz

Daniel Demant

Berecha Hundessa Demessa

A. K. Demetriades

Xinlei Deng

E. Denova-Gutiérrez

Kebede Deribe

Nikolaos Dervenis

D. C. Jarlais

Hardik D. Desai

Rupak Desai

K. Deuba

Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu

Sourav Dey

A. Dhali

K. Dhama

M. Dhimal

Sameer Dhingra

D. Silva

Daniel Diaz

Adriana Dima

Delaney D. Ding

M. Dirac

Abhinav Dixit

S. Dixit

T. Do

Thao Phuong Do

C. Prado

Masoud Dodangeh

K. Dokova

C. Dolecek

E. Dorsey

Wendel Mombaque dos Santos

Rajkumar Doshi

L. Doshmangir

Abdel Douiri

Robert Kokou Dowou

T. Driscoll

Haneil Larson Dsouza

John Dube

S. Dumith

S. Dunachie

Bruce B Duncan

A. Durães

Senbagam Duraisamy

O. Durojaiye

S. Dutta

Paulina A. Dzianach

Arkadiusz Marian Dziedzic

Oluwakemi Ebenezer

E. Eboreime

Alireza Ebrahimi

C. Echieh

Abdelaziz Ed-Dra

H. Edinur

D. Edvardsson

Kristina Edvardsson

Defi Efendi

Ferry Efendi

Shayan Eghdami

T. Eikemo

E. Eini

Michael Ekholuenetale

Emmanuel Ekpor

T. Ekundayo

Rabie Adel El Arab

Doaa Abdel Wahab El Morsi

M. Zaki

M. Tantawi

I. Elbarazi

N. Elemam

F. Elgar

Format Sitasi

APA MLA BibTeX

Schumacher, A.E., Kyu, H., Aali, A., Abbafati, C., Abbas, J., Abbasgholizadeh, R. et al. (2024). Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00476-8

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Afolabi and Ali Afraz and Shadi Afyouni and Saira Afzal and P. Agasthi and Shahin Aghamiri and A. Agodi and Williams Agyemang-Duah and B. Ahinkorah and Aqeel Ahmad and Danish Ahmad and Firdos Ahmad and Muayyad M. Ahmad and Tauseef Ahmad and K. Ahmadi and A. M. Ahmadzade and M. Ahmadzade and Ayman Ahmed and H. Ahmed and Luai A. Ahmed and M. Ahmed and Syed Anees Ahmed and Marjan Ajami and Budi Aji and O. Ajumobi and G. T. Akalu and E. Akara and K. Akinosoglou and Sreelatha Akkala and Samuel Akyirem and H. A. Hamad and S. M. Hasan and Ammar Al Homsi and M. Qadire and Moein Ala and Timothy Olukunle Aladelusi and T. AL-Ahdal and Samer O. Alalalmeh and Z. Al-Aly and K. Alam and Manjurul Alam and Zufishan Alam and Rasmieh M. Al-amer and F. Alanezi and Turki M. Alanzi and M. Albashtawy and Mohammad T. Albataineh and R. Aldridge and Sharifullah Alemi and A. Al-Eyadhy and A. Al-Gheethi and K. Alhabib and F. Alhalaiqa and M. K. Al-Hanawi and Abid Ali and Akhtar Ali and B. Ali and Hassam Ali and M. Ali and Rafat Ali and Syed Shujait Shujait Ali and Zahid Ali and S. A. Samakkhah and G. Alicandro and S. M. Alif and Mohammad Aligol and Rasoul Alimi and Ahmednur Adem Aliyi and Adel Al-Jumaily and S. Aljunid and W. Almahmeed and Sabah Al-Marwani and S. Al-Maweri and Joseph Almazan and Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi and Omar Almidani and Mahmoud A. Alomari and Nivaldo Alonso and J. Alqahtani and A. Alqutaibi and Salman Khalifah Al-Sabah and Awais Altaf and J. Al-Tawfiq and K. Altirkawi and F. J. Alvi and H. Alwafi and Y. Al-Worafi and Hany Aly and K. Alzoubi and A. Amare and E. Ameyaw and A. F. Amhare and T. Amin and Alireza Amindarolzarbi and J. A. Dehkordi and Sohrab Amiri and Hubert Amu and D. Amugsi and J. Amzat and R. Ancuceanu and D. Anderlini and Pedro Prata Andrade and C. Andrei and Tudorel Andrei and Dhanalakshmi Angappan and Abhishek Anil and Afifa Anjum and C. Antony and E. Antriyandarti and Iyadunni A. Anuoluwa and S. Anwar and A. Anyasodor and Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah and M. Aqeel and J. Arabloo and R. Bahri and M. Arab-Zozani and M. Arafat and Ana Margarida Araújo and Aleksandr Y. Aravkin and A. Aremu and Hany Ariffin and T. Aripov and B. Armocida and Mahwish Arooj and A. Artamonov and K. D. Artanti and Judie Arulappan and Idowu Aruleba and R. T. Aruleba and Ashokan Arumugam and Malke Asaad and Saeed Asgary and Mubarek Yesse Ashemo and M. Ashraf and M. O. Asika and S. Athari and M. Atout and A. Atreya and Sameh Attia and A. Aujayeb and Abolfazl Avan and A. Awotidebe and B. Quintanilla and M. Ayanore and Getnet Melaku Ayele and J. Ayuso-Mateos and S. M. Ayyoubzadeh and S. Azadnajafabad and G. Azhar and Shahkaar Aziz and A. Azzam and Mina Babashahi and Abraham Samuel Babu and Muhammad Badar and A. Badawi and A. Badiye and Soroush Baghdadi and Nasser Bagheri and S. Bagherieh and S. Bah and S. Bahadorikhalili and Jianjun Bai and Ruhai Bai and Jennifer L. Baker and Shankar M. Bakkannavar and A. T. Bako and Senthilkumar Balakrishnan and Saliu A Balogun and Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu and Kiran Bam and Maciej Banach and Soham Bandyopadhyay and B. Banik and Palash Chandra Banik and Hansi Bansal and S. Barati and M. Barchitta and Mainak Bardhan and S. Barker-Collo and Francesco Barone-Adesi and H. Barqawi and Ronald D Barr and L. Barrero and Zarrin Basharat and Asma'u I J Bashir and H. Bashiru and P. Baskaran and Buddha Basnyat and Q. Bassat and João Diogo Basso and S. Basu and Kavita Batra and Ravi Batra and B. Baune and M. Bayati and N. Bayileyegn and Thomas Beaney and Neeraj Bedi and Tahmina Begum and Emad Behboudi and A. Behnoush and Maryam Beiranvand and Diana Fernanda Bejarano Ramirez and U. Belgaumi and Michelle L. Bell and A. Bello and M. Bello and O. Bello and Luis Belo and Apostolos Beloukas and S. Bendak and Derrick A. Bennett and I. Benseñor and Habib Benzian and Z. Berezvai and Adam E. Berman and A. N. Bermudez and P. J. Bettencourt and Habtamu B. Beyene and Kebede A. Beyene and D. Bhagat and A. Bhagavathula and N. Bhala and Ashish Bhalla and Dinesh Bhandari and Nikha Bhardwaj and Pankaj Bhardwaj and Prarthna V. Bhardwaj and A. Bhargava and Sonu M M Bhaskar and Vivek Bhat and G. K. Bhatti and Jasvinder Singh Bhatti and M. Bhatti and Rajbir Bhatti and Z. Bhutta and B. Bikbov and Nada Binmadi and B. S. Bintoro and A. Biondi and C. Bisignano and F. Bisulli and Atanu Biswas and R. Biswas and Saeid Bitaraf and T. Bjørge and A. Bleyer and M. S. Boampong and V. Bodolica and Aadam Olalekan Bodunrin and Obasanjo Afolabi Bolarinwa and Milad Hashemi and A. Bonny and Kaustubh Bora and B. Basara and S. B. Borodo and Rohan Borschmann and A. B. Carvajal and S. Bouaoud and S. Boudalia and Edward J. Boyko and N. Bragazzi and Dejana Braithwaite and H. Brenner and Gabrielle Britton and A. Browne and A. Brunoni and Norma B. Bulamu and L. Bulto and Danilo Buonsenso and Katrin Burkart and Richard A. Burns and S. Nagaraja and Reinhard Busse and Yasser K. Bustanji and Z. Butt and F. C. Santos and Tianji Cai and D. Calina and L. Cámera and L. A. Campos and Ismael Campos-Nonato and Chao Cao and C. Cardenas and Rosario Cárdenas and Sinclair Carr and G. Carreras and J. Carrero and A. Carugno and F. Carvalho and M. Carvalho and J. Castaldelli-Maia and C. Castañeda-Orjuela and G. Castelpietra and F. Catalá-López and A. Catapano and M. Cattaruzza and A. Caye and Christopher R. Cederroth and Francieli Cembranel and Muthia Cenderadewi and Kelly M. Cercy and Ester Cerin and Muge Cevik and P. R. Chacón-Uscamaita and Yaacoub Chahine and C. Chakraborty and Jeffrey Shi Kai Chan and Chin-Kuo Chang and P. Charalampous and J. Charan and Vijay Kumar Chattu and V. Chatzimavridou-Grigoriadou and M. P. Chavula and H. Cheema and An-Tian Chen and Haowei Chen and Lingxiao Chen and M. Chen and Simiao Chen and N. Cherbuin and Derek S. Chew and Gerald Chi and Jesus Lorenzo Chirinos-Caceres and Abdulaal Chitheer and So Mi Jemma Cho and William C. S. Cho and Bryan Chong and Hitesh Chopra and Rahul Choudhary and Rajiv Chowdhury and D. Chu and I. Chukwu and Eric Chung and Eunice Chung and S. Chung and K. Cini and Cain C T Clark and Kaleb Coberly and A. Columbus and H. Comfort and J. Conde and Sara Conti and P. Cortesi and V. M. Costa and Ewerton Cousin and R. Cowden and M. Criqui and N. Cruz-Martins and Garland T Culbreth and Patricia Cullen and Matthew Cunningham and D. P. D. Silva and Sriharsha Dadana and O. Dadras and Zhaoli Dai and K. Dalal and Lachlan L. Dalli and G. Damiani and Emanuele D’Amico and Sara Daneshvar and A. Darwesh and Jai K Das and Saswati Das and N. Dash and M. Dashti and C. Dávila-Cervantes and N. Weaver and K. Davletov and Diego De Leo and Aklilu Tamire Debele and L. Degenhardt and Reza Dehbandi and Lee Deitesfeld and Iván Delgado-Enciso and Laura Delgado-Ortiz and Daniel Demant and Berecha Hundessa Demessa and A. K. Demetriades and Xinlei Deng and E. Denova-Gutiérrez and Kebede Deribe and Nikolaos Dervenis and D. C. Jarlais and Hardik D. Desai and Rupak Desai and K. Deuba and Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu and Sourav Dey and A. Dhali and K. Dhama and M. Dhimal and M. Dhimal and Sameer Dhingra and D. Silva and Daniel Diaz and Adriana Dima and Delaney D. Ding and M. Dirac and Abhinav Dixit and S. Dixit and T. Do and Thao Phuong Do and C. Prado and Masoud Dodangeh and K. Dokova and C. Dolecek and E. Dorsey and Wendel Mombaque dos Santos and Rajkumar Doshi and L. Doshmangir and Abdel Douiri and Robert Kokou Dowou and T. Driscoll and Haneil Larson Dsouza and John Dube and S. Dumith and S. Dunachie and Bruce B Duncan and A. Durães and Senbagam Duraisamy and O. Durojaiye and S. Dutta and Paulina A. Dzianach and Arkadiusz Marian Dziedzic and Oluwakemi Ebenezer and E. Eboreime and Alireza Ebrahimi and C. Echieh and Abdelaziz Ed-Dra and H. Edinur and D. Edvardsson and Kristina Edvardsson and Defi Efendi and Ferry Efendi and Shayan Eghdami and T. Eikemo and E. Eini and Michael Ekholuenetale and Emmanuel Ekpor and T. Ekundayo and Rabie Adel El Arab and Doaa Abdel Wahab El Morsi and M. Zaki and M. Tantawi and I. Elbarazi and N. Elemam and F. Elgar}, title = {Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021}, year = {2024}, journal = {Semantic Scholar}, doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00476-8}, url = {https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/39f740758236fc946b25892c099eba8c4eac8d14}, }

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Informasi Jurnal

Tahun Terbit: 2024
Bahasa: en
Total Sitasi: 412×
Sumber Database: Semantic Scholar
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00476-8
Akses: Open Access ✓