METHODOLOGICAL SYNTHESIS OF APPROACHES IN REGIONAL AND SECTORAL ECONOMICS

The objective of the study is to form a conceptual foundation for synthesizing mathematical tools and historical-institutional analysis in assessing economic policy. The main results of the study: a theoretical and methodological basis for analyzing regional and sectoral economic systems is identified; the tools of nonlinear analysis and economic irrationality are reflected; the characteristics of technological transfers and institutional traps in regional development are outlined; a conceptual model that allows improving regional economic policy is indicated. Research materials: statistical data characterizing the structural and dynamic parameters of regional economies of the Russian Federation for the period 2016-2025; data on technological development and innovation activity, including indicators of expenditure on research and development, implementation of new technologies, the share of innovative products in the total volume of shipments. Research methods: economic and mathematical modeling, fractal analysis tools, analysis of statistical time series, comparative and contrastive analysis, systems approach, abstract logical method, systematization and generalization, historical-institutional method. The study allowed us to formulate the foundations of a methodological synthesis necessary for the analysis and regulation of complex regional and sectoral economic systems. The key tenet of this approach is its rejection of the exclusivity of both purely formal neoclassical models and historical- institutional descriptions. Instead, the need for their constructive interaction is substantiated. On the one hand, mathematical tools, including modified behavioral models and fractal analysis methods, ensure rigor, enable the identification of nonlinear relationships, quantitatively assess irrational components of economic policy, and measure the structural indicators of space. On the other hand, historical-institutional analysis imbues formal models with concrete content, explains the genesis and persistence of imbalances, and reveals the nature of phenomena such as the capital-labor paradox of technological transfer and the long-term impact of maladaptive institutions. The integration of these levels of analysis demonstrates that persistent regional imbalances and sectoral gaps are the result of self-reproducing mechanisms, where economic incentives, distorted by the institutional environment, lead to decisions that perpetuate a suboptimal equilibrium.