Plant exosome like nanovesicles: Emerging therapeutics and drug delivery nanoplatforms.

Plant exosome like nanovesicles, being innately replete with bioactive lipids, proteins, RNA and other pharmacologically active molecules, offer unique morphological and compositional characteristics as natural nanocarriers. Furthermore, their compelling physicochemical traits underpin their modulative role in physiological processes, all of which have enkindled the concept that these nanovesicles may be highly proficient in development of next-generation biotherapeutic and drug delivery nanoplatforms to meet the ever-stringent demands of current clinical challenges. This review systemically deals with various facets of plant exosome like nanovesicles ranging from their origin and isolation to identification of morphological composition, biological functions and cargo loading mechanisms. Efforts are made to encompass their biotherapeutic roles by elucidating their immunological modulating, anti-tumor, regenerative and anti-inflammatory roles. We also shed light on re-engineering of these nanovesicles into robust, innocuous and non-immunogenic nanovectors for drug delivery through multiple stringent biological hindrances to various targeted organs such as intestine and brain. Finally, recent advancements centered around plant exosome like nanovesicles along with new insights into transdermal, transmembrane and targeting mechanisms of these vesicles are also elucidated. We expect the continuing development of plant exosome like nanovesicles-based therapeutic and delivery nanoplatforms will promote their clinical applications.