Global Emissions Inventory from Open Biomass Burning (GEIOBB): utilizing Fengyun-3D global fire spot monitoring data

<p>Open biomass burning (OBB) significantly affects regional and global air quality, the climate, and human health. The burning of forests, shrublands, grasslands, peatlands, and croplands influences OBB. A global emissions inventory based on satellite fire detection enables an accurate estimation of OBB emissions. In this study, we developed a global high-resolution (<span class="inline-formula">1 km×1 km</span>) daily OBB emission inventory using the Chinese Fengyun-3D satellite's global fire spot monitoring data, satellite-derived biomass data, vegetation-index-derived spatiotemporally variable combustion efficiencies, and land-type-based emission factors. The average annual estimated OBB emissions for 2020–2022 were 2586.88 Tg C, 8841.45 Tg <span class="inline-formula">CO₂</span>, 382.96 Tg CO, 15.83 Tg <span class="inline-formula">CH₄</span>, 18.42 <span class="inline-formula">Tg</span> <span class="inline-formula">NO_<i>x</i></span>, 4.07 Tg <span class="inline-formula">SO₂</span>, 18.68 Tg particulate organic carbon (OC), 3.77 Tg particulate black carbon (BC), 5.24 Tg <span class="inline-formula">NH₃</span>, 15.85 Tg <span class="inline-formula">NO₂</span>, 42.46 Tg PM<span class="inline-formula">_2.5</span> and 56.03 Tg PM<span class="inline-formula">₁₀</span>. Specifically, taking carbon emissions as an example, the average annual estimated OBBs for 2020–2022 were 72.71 (Boreal North America, BONA), 165.73 (Temperate North America, TENA), 34.11 (Central America, CEAM), 42.93 (Northern Hemisphere South America, NHSA), 520.55 (Southern Hemisphere South America, SHSA), 13.02 (Europe, EURO), 8.37 (Middle East, MIDE), 394.25 (Northern Hemisphere Africa, NHAF), 847.03 (Southern Hemisphere Africa, SHAF), 167.35 (Boreal Asia, BOAS), 27.93 (Central Asia, CEAS), 197.29 (Southeast Asia, SEAS), 13.20 (Equatorial Asia; EQAS), and 82.38 (Australia and New Zealand; AUST) <span class="inline-formula">Tg C yr⁻¹</span>. Overall, savanna grassland burning contributed the largest proportion of the annual total carbon emissions (1209.12 <span class="inline-formula">Tg C yr⁻¹</span>; 46.74 %), followed by woody savanna/shrubs (33.04 %) and tropical forests (12.11 %). SHAF was found to produce the most carbon emissions globally (847.04 <span class="inline-formula">Tg C yr⁻¹</span>), followed by SHSA (525.56 <span class="inline-formula">Tg C yr⁻¹</span>), NHAF (394.26 <span class="inline-formula">Tg C yr⁻¹</span>), and SEAS (197.30 <span class="inline-formula">Tg C yr⁻¹</span>). More specifically, savanna grassland burning was predominant in SHAF (55.00 %, 465.86 <span class="inline-formula">Tg C yr⁻¹</span>), SHSA (43.39 %, 225.86 <span class="inline-formula">Tg C yr⁻¹</span>), and NHAF (76.14 %, 300.21 <span class="inline-formula">Tg C yr⁻¹</span>), while woody savanna/shrub fires were dominant in SEAS (51.48 %, 101.57 <span class="inline-formula">Tg C yr⁻¹</span>). Furthermore, carbon emissions exhibited significant seasonal variability, peaking in September 2020 and August of 2021 and 2022, with an average of 441.32 <span class="inline-formula">Tg C month⁻¹</span>, which is substantially higher than the monthly average of 215.57 <span class="inline-formula">Tg C month⁻¹</span>. Our comprehensive high-resolution inventory of OBB emissions provides valuable insights for enhancing the accuracy of air quality modeling, atmospheric transport, and<span id="page3496"/> biogeochemical cycle studies. The GEIOBB dataset can be downloaded at <span class="uri">http://figshare.com</span> (last access: 30 July 2024) with the following DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.24793623.v2">https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.24793623.v2</a> (Liu et al., 2023).</p>