Vertical profiles of raindrop size distribution parameters of summer rainfall in the eastern Tibetan Plateau: retrieval method and characteristics

<p>The eastern Tibetan Plateau has a high elevation, with a cold and dry atmospheric background. The features of the raindrop size distributions (DSD) in this region have notable differences from those in the plains. The general empirical relationships for retrieving parameters of precipitation from radar observations are not applicable in the eastern Tibetan Plateau. In this study, we developed a new method based on optimal estimation theory to retrieve the vertical profiles of <span class="inline-formula"><i>N</i>₀</span> and <span class="inline-formula"><i>D</i>_m</span> from a Ka-band zenith-pointing Doppler radar. Validation by a field campaign during the summer of 2024 indicates that the mean bias in the <span class="inline-formula">log ₁₀(<i>N</i>₀)</span> and <span class="inline-formula"><i>D</i>_m</span> derived from the PARSIVEL² disdrometer and the retrieved values are 0.12 and <span class="inline-formula">−0.1</span> mm respectively, demonstrating the effectiveness of the retrieved DSD parameters in this region. Based on the retrieved vertical profiles of DSD parameters, some unique characteristics are found. The heavy precipitation (the maximum value in the reflectivity profile exceeding 30 dBZ) exhibits a higher particle number concentration above 2 km and larger raindrop size in the bottom of the rainfall on average. The mean values of <span class="inline-formula"><i>D</i>_m</span> above 2 km are approximately 0.5 mm, for heavy precipitation, the value increase as the raindrops fall, reaching a peak at around 0.5 km. Precipitation that occurs after the nighttime cooling usually has higher particle concentrations and smaller particle sizes. Based on the above research, empirical relationships for the quantitative precipitation estimates (QPE) and attenuation correction using Ka-band radar in the eastern Tibetan Plateau are established.</p>