Five years of GOSAT-2 retrievals with RemoTeC: XCO₂ and XCH₄ data products with quality filtering by machine learning

<p>Accurately measuring greenhouse gas concentrations to identify regional sources and sinks is essential for effectively monitoring and mitigating their impact on the Earth's changing climate. In this article we present the scientific data products of <span class="inline-formula">XCO₂</span> and <span class="inline-formula">XCH₄</span>, retrieved with RemoTeC, from the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite-2 (GOSAT-2), which span a time range of 5 years. GOSAT-2 has the capability to measure total columns of <span class="inline-formula">CO₂</span> and <span class="inline-formula">CH₄</span> to the necessary requirements set by the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS), who define said requirements as <span class="inline-formula">accuracy&lt;10 ppb</span> and <span class="inline-formula">&lt;0.5 ppm</span> for <span class="inline-formula">XCH₄</span> and <span class="inline-formula">XCO₂</span> respectively, and stability of <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M11" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mo>&lt;</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn><mspace linebreak="nobreak" width="0.125em"/><mrow class="unit"><mi mathvariant="normal">ppb</mi><mspace linebreak="nobreak" width="0.125em"/><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">yr</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="58pt" height="15pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="c274747d24092c2581f21b3f4bf3a32d"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="amt-18-6093-2025-ie00001.svg" width="58pt" height="15pt" src="amt-18-6093-2025-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> and <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M12" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mo>&lt;</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0.5</mn><mspace linebreak="nobreak" width="0.125em"/><mrow class="unit"><mi mathvariant="normal">ppm</mi><mspace linebreak="nobreak" width="0.125em"/><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">yr</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="71pt" height="15pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="bd663d4703fede7549f820562193c246"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="amt-18-6093-2025-ie00002.svg" width="71pt" height="15pt" src="amt-18-6093-2025-ie00002.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> for <span class="inline-formula">XCH₄</span> and <span class="inline-formula">XCO₂</span> respectively.</p> <p>Central to the quality of the <span class="inline-formula">XCO₂</span> and <span class="inline-formula">XCH₄</span> datasets is the post-retrieval quality flagging step. Previous versions of RemoTeC products have relied on threshold filtering, flagging data using boundary conditions from a list of retrieval parameters. We present a novel quality filtering approach utilising a machine learning technique known as Random Forest Classifier (RFC) models. This method is developed under the European Space Agency's (ESA) Climate Change Initiative+ (CCI+) program and applied to data from GOSAT-2. Data from the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) are employed to train the RFC models, where retrievals are categorized as good or bad quality based on the bias between GOSAT-2 and TCCON measurements. TCCON is a global network of Fourier transform spectrometers that measure telluric absorption spectra at infrared wavelengths. It serves as the scientific community's standard for validating satellite-derived <span class="inline-formula">XCO₂</span> and <span class="inline-formula">XCH₄</span> data. Our results demonstrate that the machine learning-based quality filtering achieves a significant improvement, with data yield increasing by up to 85 % and RMSE improving by up to 30 %, compared to traditional threshold-based filtering. Furthermore, inter-comparison with the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) indicates that the quality filtering RFC models generalise well to the full dataset, as the expected behaviour is reproduced on a global scale.</p> <p><span id="page6094"/>Low systematic biases are essential for extracting meaningful fluxes from satellite data products. Through TCCON validation we find that all data products are within the breakthrough bias requirements set, with RMSE for <span class="inline-formula">XCH₄</span> <span class="inline-formula">&lt;</span> 15 <span class="inline-formula">ppb</span> and <span class="inline-formula">XCO₂</span> <span class="inline-formula">&lt;</span> 2 <span class="inline-formula">ppm</span>. We derive station-to-station biases of 4.2 ppb and 0.5 ppm for <span class="inline-formula">XCH₄</span> and <span class="inline-formula">XCO₂</span> respectively, and linear drift of 0.6 <span class="inline-formula">ppb yr⁻¹</span> and 0.2 <span class="inline-formula">ppm yr⁻¹</span> for <span class="inline-formula">XCH₄</span> and <span class="inline-formula">XCO₂</span> respectively.</p> <p>For <span class="inline-formula">XCH₄</span>, GOSAT-2 and TROPOMI are highly correlated with standard deviations less than 18 ppb and globally averaged biases close to 0 ppb. The inter-satellite bias between GOSAT and GOSAT-2 is significant, with an average global bias of <span class="inline-formula">−</span>15 <span class="inline-formula">ppb</span>. This is comparable to that seen between GOSAT and TROPOMI, consistent with our findings that GOSAT-2 and TROPOMI are in close agreement.</p>