Eddy covariance with slow-response greenhouse gas analysers on tall towers: bridging atmospheric and ecosystem greenhouse gas networks

<p>Greenhouse gas monitoring is important to ensure climate goals are being achieved. This study unveils the potential of using atmospheric tall towers in direct flux measurements, bridging the gap between atmospheric and ecosystem monitoring networks. The ICOS Cities (PAUL) project aims to monitor CO<span class="inline-formula">₂</span> emissions in urban areas, where concentrated emissions make them key targets for climate change mitigation. This study explores the synergy between ICOS atmospheric and ecosystem networks by utilizing slow-response analysers (<span class="inline-formula">∼</span> 3 s) on tall atmospheric towers for ecosystem studies using the eddy covariance method. A standard setup with an ultrasonic anemometer and an infrared (IR) fast-response CO<span class="inline-formula">₂</span> analyser was installed and compared with measurements from an existing cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) analyser measuring CO<span class="inline-formula">₂</span>, CO, and CH<span class="inline-formula">₄</span>. Deployed on the 100 m Saclay tower near Paris, covering a 43.9 km<span class="inline-formula">²</span> 80 % footprint with heavy traffic roads, a nearby heating plant, and a forest, the setup addressed technical challenges and height-induced complexities. Corrections for flux attenuation by high-frequency losses were limited to <span class="inline-formula">&lt;</span> 20 % on average for all stabilities and around 11 % for unstable conditions. Elevated mean fluxes for CO<span class="inline-formula">₂</span> (10 <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M9" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="unit"><mi mathvariant="normal">µ</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">mol</mi><mspace width="0.125em" linebreak="nobreak"/><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></mrow></msup><mspace width="0.125em" linebreak="nobreak"/><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="64pt" height="15pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="cef32b881b0ccfba22dd5228ab8f6fda"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="amt-17-6625-2024-ie00001.svg" width="64pt" height="15pt" src="amt-17-6625-2024-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>) and CH<span class="inline-formula">₄</span> (200 <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M11" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="unit"><mi mathvariant="normal">µ</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">mol</mi><mspace linebreak="nobreak" width="0.125em"/><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></mrow></msup><mspace width="0.125em" linebreak="nobreak"/><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="64pt" height="15pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="efc875b69c70843087788d4fc95915b5"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="amt-17-6625-2024-ie00002.svg" width="64pt" height="15pt" src="amt-17-6625-2024-ie00002.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>) were observed from the heating plant wind direction during December and January. Conversely, the forest direction exhibited the strongest sink among all wind directions, with <span class="inline-formula">−</span>4 <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M13" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="unit"><mi mathvariant="normal">µ</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">mol</mi><mspace width="0.125em" linebreak="nobreak"/><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></mrow></msup><mspace width="0.125em" linebreak="nobreak"/><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="64pt" height="15pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="e7d76965a1a4ff05670f87e685f660ec"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="amt-17-6625-2024-ie00003.svg" width="64pt" height="15pt" src="amt-17-6625-2024-ie00003.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> during July and August. Storage and vertical advection were estimated using the routine three-level profile measurements done in ICOS atmospheric towers. Storage term was of the same magnitude as turbulent flux, increasing at night and de-stocking during the first half of the day. Vertical advection averaged zero on a monthly basis. These results demonstrate the feasibility and versatility of utilizing atmospheric towers for urban emission monitoring, offering valuable insights for emission monitoring strategies worldwide.</p>