First evaluation of the GEMS glyoxal products against TROPOMI and ground-based measurements

<p>The Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer (GEMS) on board the GEO-KOMPSAT-2B satellite is the first geostationary satellite launched to monitor the environment. GEMS conducts hourly measurements during the day over eastern and southeastern Asia. This work presents glyoxal (CHOCHO) vertical column densities (VCDs) retrieved from GEMS, with optimal settings for glyoxal retrieval based on sensitivity tests involving reference spectrum sampling and fitting window selection. We evaluated GEMS glyoxal VCDs by comparing them to the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) and multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) ground-based observations. On average, GEMS and TROPOMI VCDs show a spatial correlation coefficient of 0.63, increasing to 0.87 for northeastern Asia. While GEMS and TROPOMI demonstrate similar monthly variations in the Indochinese Peninsula regions (<span class="inline-formula"><i>R</i></span> <span class="inline-formula">&gt;</span> 0.67), variations differ in other areas. Specifically, GEMS VCDs are higher in the winter and either lower or comparable to TROPOMI and MAX-DOAS VCDs in the summer across northeastern Asia. We attributed the discrepancies in the monthly variation to a polluted reference spectrum and high NO<span class="inline-formula">₂</span> concentrations. When we correct GEMS glyoxal VCDs as a function of NO<span class="inline-formula">₂</span> SCDs, the monthly correlation coefficients substantially increase from 0.16–0.40 to 0.45–0.72 in high NO<span class="inline-formula">₂</span> regions. When averaged hourly, GEMS and MAX-DOAS VCDs exhibit similar diurnal variations, especially at stations in Japan (Chiba, Kasuga, and Fukue).</p>