Model-based evaluation of cloud geometry and droplet size retrievals from two-dimensional polarized measurements of specMACS

<p>Cloud radiative properties play a significant role in radiation and energy budgets and are influenced by both the cloud top height and the particle size distribution. Both cloud top heights and particle size distributions can be derived from 2-D intensity and polarization measurements by the airborne spectrometer of the Munich Aerosol Cloud Scanner (specMACS). The cloud top heights are determined using a stereographic method <span class="cit" id="xref_paren.1">(<a href="#bib1.bibx23">Kölling et al.</a>, <a href="#bib1.bibx23">2019</a>)</span>, and the particle size distributions are derived in terms of the cloud effective radius and the effective variance from multidirectional polarized measurements of the cloudbow <span class="cit" id="xref_paren.2">(<a href="#bib1.bibx37">Pörtge et al.</a>, <a href="#bib1.bibx37">2023</a>)</span>. In this study, the accuracy of the two methods is evaluated using realistic 3-D radiative transfer simulations of specMACS measurements of a synthetic field of shallow cumulus clouds, and possible error sources are determined. The simulations are performed with the 3-D Monte Carlo radiative transport model MYSTIC <span class="cit" id="xref_paren.3">(<a href="#bib1.bibx30">Mayer</a>, <a href="#bib1.bibx30">2009</a>)</span> using cloud data from highly resolved large-eddy simulations (LESs). Both retrieval methods are applied to the simulated data and compared to the respective properties of the underlying cloud field from the LESs. Moreover, the influence of the cloud development on both methods is evaluated by applying the algorithms to idealized simulated data where the clouds did not change during the simulated overflight of 1 min over the cloud field. For the cloud top height retrieval, an absolute mean difference of less than <span class="inline-formula">70</span> m with a standard deviation of about <span class="inline-formula">130</span> m compared to the expected heights from the model is found. The elimination of the cloud development as a possible error source results in mean differences of <span class="inline-formula">(46±140)</span> m. For the effective radius, an absolute average difference of about <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M4" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mo>(</mo><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0.2</mn><mo>±</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1.30</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="65pt" height="12pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="059b14f05bef618d733c9ad12cc97ed6"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="amt-17-1703-2024-ie00001.svg" width="65pt" height="12pt" src="amt-17-1703-2024-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> <span class="inline-formula">µ</span>m from the expected effective radius from the LES model input is derived for the realistic simulation and <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M6" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mo>(</mo><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0.03</mn><mo>±</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1.28</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="71pt" height="12pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="40b896c2a4105ab438d14e9200e33dc5"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="amt-17-1703-2024-ie00002.svg" width="71pt" height="12pt" src="amt-17-1703-2024-ie00002.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> <span class="inline-formula">µ</span>m for the simulation without cloud development. The difference between the effective variance derived from the cloudbow retrieval and the expected effective variance is <span class="inline-formula">(0.02±0.05)</span> for both simulations. Additional studies concerning the correlations between larger errors in the effective radius or variance and the optical thickness of the observed clouds have revealed that low values in the optical thickness do not have an impact on the accuracy of the retrieval.</p>