Endocrine Disorder: Advance in Understanding Diabetes and Obesity A Review

One of which is several endocrine abnormalities, which are associated with obesity due to changing the hypothalamic—pituitary hormone axis and include growth hormone insufficiency, hypothyroidism, and Cushing disease and hypogonadism. Apart from storing energy, adipose tissue is involved in numerous other critical functions that can be catalyzed by adipocytes secretion of hormones (i.e., adiponectin) and chemicals (i.e., leptin). In addition, polycystic ovarian syndrome is due to the hyperinsulinemia and contributes to Obesity, as hyperinsulinemia is the main cause of obesity, and the function of adipose tissue in hypothalamic pituitary endocrine axis. Diabetes, especially T2D can be consider as insulin resistance, compromised glucose homeostasis and beta cell dysfunction. New discoveries showing that inflammation, gut microbiota, and adipose tissue are involved in the formation of the insulin resistance (multifactorial character of insulin resistance) have been made. Furthermore, advances in the pharmaceutical therapies have shown promising results in terms of the management of obesity with bariatric surgery, SGLT2 inhibitors, and GLP-1 receptor agonists in the enhancement of glycemic control. A possible approach towards more successful interventions is provided by the integration of personalized medicine, which targets certain biological pathways and genetic variants. The current developments in the molecular causes of obesity and diabetes, as well as the changing treatment landscape, are highlighted in this review. These developments eventually open the door to better patient outcomes and the possibility of more customized therapeutic approaches.