Psychometric validation of the Indonesian verbal abuse questionnaire (I-VAQ) for adolescents using rasch analysis

BACKGROUND: Verbal abuse is a pervasive yet underrecognized form of emotional maltreatment among adolescents, with significant psychological consequences. Despite its prevalence, a validated instrument for measuring verbal abuse among Indonesian adolescents remains unavailable. This study aimed to develop and validate the Indonesian Verbal Abuse Questionnaire (I-VAQ) using Rasch analysis to ensure its psychometric robustness and cultural relevance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 1,197 junior high school students from three schools in Palangka Raya, Indonesia, participated in this study. The I-VAQ was adapted from the original Verbal Abuse Questionnaire (VAQ) and underwent a rigorous translation, cultural adaptation, and validation process. Data were analyzed using Winsteps Version 5.1.5.1 (Linacre, J.M., Winsteps® Rasch measurement computer program, Winsteps.com, Beaverton, Oregon, USA), employing Rasch modeling to assess item fit, unidimensionality, person-item reliability, and separation indices. RESULTS: The 14-item I-VAQ demonstrated strong construct validity and internal reliability (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.92). Item and person reliability were 0.99 and 0.84, respectively, indicating high measurement precision. The Wright map confirmed the instrument’s ability to differentiate individuals based on their exposure to verbal abuse. The I-VAQ effectively captured multiple dimensions of verbal abuse, including teasing, insults, threats, and diminished self-esteem, making it an effective screening tool for Indonesian adolescents. CONCLUSION: The I-VAQ is a psychometrically sound and culturally appropriate instrument for measuring verbal abuse among adolescents. This validated tool provides valuable insights for educators, psychologists, and policymakers, supporting the development of targeted intervention programs and mental health policies. Future research should explore the I-VAQ’s applicability across different socioeconomic and cultural settings in Indonesia and beyond.