Bischofia javanica and Phaleria macrocarpa nano herbal combination on blood and liver-kidney biochemistry in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma-induced rats

This research explores a contemporary approach to managing Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) by integrating nano-technology into herbal production, combining Bischofia javanica leaves and Phaleria macrocarpa fruits. Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP)-induced OSCC rats were treated with nano herbals from Bischofia javanica leaves, Phaleria macrocarpa fruits, a combination of both, and Vitamin C as a control. Blood and organ analyses were compared with negative and positive controls. BaP induction in OSCC revealed cell transformation into carcinoma, confirmed by Papanicolaou staining. OSCC induction also caused significant changes in Complete Blood Count (CBC) and serum lipid profile. Nano herbals from both plants showed potential in reducing hematological and lipid damage in OSCC, especially in white blood cells, red blood cells, hemoglobin, and platelets. Statistical analysis also indicated that the combination of nano herbals was more effective in reducing (Low-Density Lipoprotein) LDL and total cholesterol levels than uncombined use while increasing (High-Density Lipoprotein) HDL levels comparable to Vitamin C. Liver and kidney functions were also significantly affected by OSCC, with nano herbals showing potential in normalizing albumin levels and positively impacting liver enzymes. In conclusion, both individually and in combination, nano herbals from Bischofia javanica leaves, and Phaleria macrocarpa fruits have the potential to be a promising treatment strategy for OSCC.