Managing ecological risks from pharmaceutical pollution in freshwater resources: evidence and policy implications

Purpose: This article examines the ecological risks posed by pharmaceutical pollutants in freshwater resources and evaluates policy responses for mitigating their environmental impact. Methodology/Approach: The study synthesises recent empirical findings and regulatory reports, with emphasis on European freshwater monitoring data and ecotoxicological assessments. Findings: Pharmaceuticals such as antibiotics, NSAIDs, and hormones are consistently detected in surface waters at nanogram- to microgram-level concentrations, contributing to microbial community shifts, reproductive disruption in aquatic species, and the development of antimicrobial resistance. Existing regulatory frameworks address only a limited subset of compounds, resulting in persistent contamination even in regions with advanced wastewater treatment. Research Limitations/Implications: Data gaps remain regarding long-term synergistic effects and low-dose chronic exposure. Practical/Social Implications: Improved wastewater management and One Health-oriented governance could reduce ecological and public health risks. Originality/Value: The article highlights systemic regulatory shortcomings and identifies priority areas for sustainable freshwater policy reform.