Real-Time WBAN Monitoring: An Adaptive Framework for Selective Signal Restoration and Physiological Trend Prediction

Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) enable real-time health monitoring essential for timely clinical intervention, yet their performance is frequently hindered by sensor degradation, noise interference, and strict low-latency constraints in resource-limited environments. Conventional preprocessing approaches indiscriminately reprocess all incoming data, including uncorrupted samples, thereby increasing computational overhead, introducing latency, and potentially distorting valid physiological trends. This study introduces a unified real-time monitoring framework tailored for WBAN systems. The key contributions include: (1) an adaptively gated multi-stage preprocessing pipeline that selectively restores corrupted samples while preserving clean data, (2) an overlap-aware sliding-window mechanism enabling low-latency operation, and (3) a clinically informed risk assessment strategy for early-warning support. By avoiding unnecessary modification of intact signals, the framework maintains physiological integrity while substantially improving reconstruction and predictive reliability. Across multiple vital signs, the proposed approach achieves substantial reconstruction gains, with Mean Squared Error (MSE) reductions ranging from 53% to 67% under strong degradation conditions. An adaptive ARIMA-based forecasting layer captures short-term physiological dynamics with directional accuracies of approximately 65–70% for one-step (10 s) ahead prediction. Early-warning behavior is intentionally conservative, prioritizing false alarm suppression over aggressive alerting. Per-signal evaluation reveals high sensitivity for blood pressure signals, whereas glucose and certain high-variability modalities exhibit conservative sensitivity under modality-specific thresholds. Importantly, the aggregated multi-modal risk decision achieves strong overall system-level performance, with sensitivity and specificity of 0.89 and 0.92, respectively. Overall, the proposed framework establishes a robust, low-latency, and computationally efficient foundation for dependable physiological monitoring in WBAN environments, leveraging selective processing to optimize both resource utilization and clinical reliability.