Thwarting the ‘Evil Eye’: <i>psḥʾ</i> Through the Prism of Achaemenid Aramaic Sources

The Aramaic term <i>psḥ</i>(<i>ʾ</i>) and its possible relation to the Hebrew <i>psḥ</i> (recorded in the Hebrew Bible) are associated with “the Passover” feast in Judaism and Samaritanism and, by extension, with Easter in Christianity. This lexeme is exceedingly rare in extra-biblical sources and my goal with the present article is to closely examine the only two unambiguous sources available to us—both of which are found on Aramaic ostraca associated with the Yahwistic community at Elephantine and both share an acute sense of impending trepidation and anxiety. The article is divided into two parts. The first offers a new epigraphic analysis of the two ostraca on which this term appears—building upon a recent publication of one and offering a new publication: reconstruction, translation, and detailed commentary of the other. The second presents a multifaceted analysis—combining etymological and contextual data with insights from social psychology, archeology, and anthropology—supporting the connection of the term <i>psḥ</i>(<i>ʾ</i>) with apotropaic magic rituals tied to the fear of evil-eye, disease, malicious spirits, demons, curses, etc. Finally, insights from these first-hand documents are applied to the ongoing debate regarding the origins and etymology of the term <i>psḥ</i>(<i>ʾ</i>) and its use in the biblical narrative.