The Creation of <i>Jiansi</i>: Study on the Buddhist Monastic Supervision System during the Sui and Tang Dynasties

Besides the internal monastic supervision system of the “Three Principal Monks” already prevalent in the Sui and Tang dynasties, an additional lay-involved supervision system of <i>jiansi</i> was further added to the state religious policy to strengthen the control over the autonomy of the Buddhist community. This <i>jiansi</i> system can be seen once in the period of Gaochang Kingdom (449–640) in the Turpan region, and is traceable to the role of the Lay Rectifier of Monks created by Emperor Wu of Liang (r. 502–549) in the Southern dynasty. It is then officially created by Emperor Yang of Sui (r. 604–618) but failed quickly in the Tang dynasty. In the late Tang dynasty, it re-emerged in response to the state’s need to strengthen the control over Buddhist affairs and extended to new grassroots monastic officials such as Monastic Minister and Saṃgha Regulator in the Dunhuang area during the Tibetan occupation period and the Guiyi Army period. Thus, the development and evolution of the <i>jiansi</i> system in this period was both a reflection of the state-religion tension and a sinicization process of Buddhism.