Investigation of Poling for Pb(Zr, Ti)O₃/Pb(Zr, Ti)O₃ Sol–Gel Composite

Phased-array ultrasonic transducers using sol–gel composites face challenges in terms of polarization uniformity when using conventional corona poling. Pb(Zr, Ti)O₃ (PZT)/PZT composites with a thickness of 25 µm were fabricated on 3 mm thick titanium substrates, and the samples were poled by AC poling, DC poling, and corona discharge poling at RT. It was found that the polarization direction could be controlled by the voltage off-phase angle. When poling was performed with a voltage off-phase angle of 90°, applied voltage of 200 V (rms), 10 cycles, and frequency of 1 Hz, average values and standards of measured piezoelectric constant <i>d</i>₃₃ of −35.1 ± 0.8 pC/N and ultrasonic sensitivity of 11.4 ± 0.1 dB were obtained. Furthermore, the AC-poled samples demonstrated smaller variations in <i>d</i>₃₃ and ultrasonic sensitivity compared with the corona-poled samples, and higher values of <i>d</i>₃₃ and ultrasonic sensitivity compared with the DC-poled samples, indicating the potential of AC poling for PZT/PZT sol–gel composites with large areas.