Emergency Supply Chain Resilience Enhanced Through Blockchain and Digital Twin Technology

<i>Background</i>: Emergency scenarios present unprecedented challenges for supply chains worldwide, particularly in the management and distribution of critical supplies, where timely delivery and maintaining integrity are crucial. <i>Methods:</i> This article explores an innovative approach to enhance the emergency management of supply chains using blockchain technology and simulation-based modelling. The proposed methodology aims to tackle issues such as transparency, efficiency, and security, which are vital for managing logistics during crises. A case study involving a vaccine rollout is used to demonstrate how blockchain can optimise supply chain operations, reduce bottlenecks, and ensure better traceability and accountability throughout the process. The case study is specifically developed based on the distribution of COVID-19 vaccines in Italy. <i>Results:</i> The integration of blockchain technology not only enhances data integrity and security but also facilitates real-time monitoring and decision-making. <i>Conslusions:</i> The findings suggest that the proposed blockchain-based model can significantly improve supply chain resilience in emergency situations compared to traditional methods, thereby offering valuable insights for policymakers and supply chain managers facing future crises.