Measuring Environmental Efficiency of Ports Under Undesirable Outputs and Uncertainty

Ports are the major gateways of cities. <i>Background</i>: Sustainable growth requires ports to prioritize efficiency while balancing economic, social, and environmental goals. There is limited synthesized evidence on the sustainability evaluation of ports, including those of North America. In this paper, we propose a multi-step approach based on fuzzy DEA to evaluate the environmental performance of ports. <i>Methods</i>: In the first step, we identify indicators for environmental performance evaluation. The second step involves application of fuzzy DEA using the identified indicators to measure the environmental efficiency of ports. In the third step, a numerical illustration is provided using open data. The proposed model incorporates undesirable outputs and employs one set of constraints to make a production frontier. <i>Results</i>: The findings show wide differences in performance, ports reach higher scores when they use resources wisely plus keep emissions low, not merely when they expand. <i>Conclusions</i>: The proposed methodology provides a robust and comparable measurement of port environmental efficiency under uncertainty.