CPFD Modeling of an Industrial Oxy-Fuel Cement Calciner: Hydrodynamics, Temperature Distribution, and CO₂ Enrichment

Oxy-fuel combustion technology is a critical pathway for carbon capture in the cement industry. However, the high-concentration CO₂ atmosphere significantly alters multiphysics coupling in the calciner and systematic studies on its comprehensive effects remain limited. To address this, a Computational Particle Fluid Dynamics (CPFD) model using the MP-PIC method was implemented using the commercial software Barracuda Virtual Reactor 22.1.2 to simulate an industrial-scale oxy-fuel cement calciner and validated against industrial data. Under oxy-fuel combustion with 50% oxygen concentration in the tertiary air, simulations showed a 38.4% increase in the solid–gas mass ratio compared to conventional air combustion, resulting in a corresponding 37.7% increase in total pressure drop. Flow resistance was concentrated primarily in the constriction structures. Local temperatures exceeded 1200 °C in high-oxygen regions. The study reveals a competition between the inhibitory effect of high CO₂ partial pressure on limestone decomposition and the promoting effect of elevated overall temperature. Although the CO₂-rich atmosphere thermodynamically suppresses calcination, the higher operating temperature under oxy-fuel combustion effectively compensates, achieving a raw meal decomposition rate of 92.7%, which meets kiln feed requirements. This research elucidates the complex coupling mechanisms among flow, temperature, and reactions in a full-scale oxy-fuel calciner, providing valuable insights for technology design and optimization.