Channel Estimation for Intelligent Reflecting Surface Empowered Coal Mine Wireless Communication Systems

The confined space of coal mines characterized by curved tunnels with rough surfaces and a variety of deployed production equipment induces severe signal attenuation and interruption, which significantly degrades the accuracy of conventional channel estimation algorithms applied in coal mine wireless communication systems. To address these challenges, we propose a modified Bilinear Generalized Approximate Message Passing (mBiGAMP) algorithm enhanced by intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) technology to improve channel estimation accuracy in coal mine scenarios. Due to the presence of abundant coal-carrying belt conveyors, we establish a hybrid channel model integrating both fast-varying and quasi-static components to accurately model the unique propagation environment in coal mines. Specifically, the fast-varying channel captures the varying signal paths affected by moving conveyors, while the quasi-static channel represents stable direct links. Since this hybrid structure necessitates an augmented factor graph, we introduce two additional factor nodes and variable nodes to characterize the distinct message-passing behaviors and then rigorously derive the mBiGAMP algorithm. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed mBiGAMP algorithm achieves superior channel estimation accuracy in dynamic conveyor-affected coal mine scenarios compared with other state-of-the-art methods, showing significant improvements in both separated and cascaded channel estimation. Specifically, when the NMSE is <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>, the SNR of mBiGAMP is improved by approximately 5 dB, 6 dB, and 14 dB compared with the Dual-Structure Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (DS-OMP), Parallel Factor (PARAFAC), and Least Squares (LS) algorithms, respectively. We also verify the convergence behavior of the proposed mBiGAMP algorithm across the operational signal-to-noise ratios range. Furthermore, we investigate the impact of the number of pilots on the channel estimation performance, which reveals that the proposed mBiGAMP algorithm consumes fewer number of pilots to accurately recover channel state information than other methods while preserving estimation fidelity.