Dramatic Responses to High-Dose Ipilimumab Plus Temozolomide After Progression on Standard- or Low-Dose Ipilimumab in Advanced Melanoma

Patients with advanced melanoma who progress on standard-dose ipilimumab (Ipi) + nivolumab continue to have poor prognosis. Studies support a dose–response activity of Ipi, and one promising combination is Ipi 10 mg/kg (Ipi10) + temozolomide (TMZ). We performed a retrospective cohort analysis of patients with advanced melanoma treated with Ipi10 + TMZ in the immunotherapy refractory/resistant setting (n = 6, all progressed after prior Ipi + nivolumab), using similar patients treated with Ipi3 + TMZ (n = 6) as comparison. Molecular profiling by whole-exome sequencing (WES) and RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) of tumors harvested through one responder’s treatment was performed. With a median follow up of 119 days, patients treated with Ipi10 + TMZ had a statistically significant longer median progression-free survival of 144.5 days (range 27–219) vs. 44 (26–75) in Ipi 3 mg/kg (Ipi3) + TMZ, <i>p</i> = 0.04, and a trend of longer median overall survival of 154.5 days (27–537) vs. 89.5 (26–548). Two patients in the Ipi10 + TMZ cohort had a partial response, and both responders had BRAF V600E mutant melanoma. RNA-seq showed enrichment of inflammatory signatures, including interferon responses in metastases after Ipi10 + TMZ compared to the primary tumor, and downregulated negative immune regulators. Ipi10 + TMZ demonstrated efficacy, including dramatic responses in patients refractory to prior Ipi + anti-PD1. Molecular data suggest a potential threshold of Ipi dose for activation of sufficient anti-tumor immune response, and higher doses are required for some patients.