Affordable Housing in Developing Regions: A Systematic Review of Materials, Methods and Critical Success Factors with Case Insights

Rapid urbanization in developing regions presents a critical challenge to the provision of affordable housing. This systematic review, conducted following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, analyzed 91 studies (2013–2024) from Scopus and Google Scholar to identify cost-effective materials and innovative techniques suitable for the developing context. Findings reveal that achieving affordability in developing regions requires a holistic approach that integrates material innovation with human capacity building. The analysis of critical success factors (CSFs) in the Rumah Unggul Sistem Panel Instant (RUSPIN) system from Indonesia and the Recycled Plastic Formwork (RPF) system from South Africa exemplifies this integration. Both systems show high potential for scalability and technological transfer using local materials and labor training. The review also highlights that materials commonly used in developed countries (e.g., autoclaved aerated concrete, expanded polystyrene, and light steel gauge framing) face adoption barriers in developing regions due to challenges related to supply chains, industry capacity, and regulatory frameworks. Conversely, locally available materials (e.g., earth, bamboo, and recycled waste) require ongoing research to enhance their availability and structural performance. Ultimately, achieving affordable housing depends on an integrated approach that combines locally sourced materials, innovative construction techniques, and the strategic application of critical success factors.