Bridging World Heritage and Local Heritage: Incorporating the Buffer Zone Concept into Chinese Architectural Heritage Protection

Buffer zones are essential for the protection of the Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) of World Heritage properties. In China, to address the limitations of the prevailing “two-line” delineation system for architectural heritage protection, this study introduces the concept of buffer zone as a new perspective on heritage management. Focusing on the Cao Family Compound—a representative residence of Shanxi Merchants—this research situates the site within a broader cultural network to fully articulate its historical and social values. The methodology unfolds in three phases: (1) comprehensive identification of 47 spatial elements contributing to the compound’s significance, through field investigation, literature review, analysis of historical imagery and architectural drawing, and oral history interview; (2) systematic evaluation of each element’s value contribution to the compound based on six criteria across two dimensions, employing the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Weighted Sum Method (WSM); (3) spatial visualization and hierarchical buffer zone delineation conducted via ArcGIS-based data modeling and the Natural Breaks classification method. This integrated approach establishes a holistic and structured framework that bridges architectural heritage with its setting, providing practical guidance for policymakers and conservation practitioners.