Thermal Modeling Approaches for a LiCoO₂ Lithium-ion Battery—A Comparative Study with Experimental Validation

Temperature prediction of a battery plays a significant role in terms of energy efficiency and safety of electric vehicles, as well as several kinds of electric and electronic devices. In this regard, it is crucial to identify an adequate model to study the thermal behavior of a battery. This article reports a comparative study on thermal modeling approaches by using a <inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>LiCoO</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> 26650 lithium-ion battery, and provides a methodology to characterize electrothermal phenomena. Three approaches have been implemented numerically—a thermal lumped model, a 3D computational fluid dynamics model, and an electrochemical model based on Newman, Tiedemann, Gu and Kim formulation. The last two methods were solved using ANSYS Fluent software. Simulations were validated with experimental measurements of the cell surface temperature at constant current discharge and under a highway driving cycle. Results show that the three models are consistent with actual temperature measurements. The electrochemical method has the lower error at 0.5C. Nevertheless, this model provides the higher error ( <inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>1.3</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula><inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mrow></mrow><mo>∘</mo></msup><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) at 1.5C, where the maximum temperature increase of the cell was <inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>18.1</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula><inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mrow></mrow><mo>∘</mo></msup><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>. Under the driving cycle, all the models are in the same order of error. Lumped model is suitable to simulate a wide range of battery operating conditions. Furthermore, this work was expanded to study heat generation, voltage and heat transfer coefficient under natural convection.