The Potential of Probiotics to Eradicate Gut Carriage of Pathogenic or Antimicrobial-Resistant <i>Enterobacterales</i>

Probiotic supplements have been used to decrease the gut carriage of antimicrobial-resistant <i>Enterobacterales</i> through changes in the microbiota and metabolomes, nutrition competition, and the secretion of antimicrobial proteins. Many probiotics have shown <i>Enterobacterales</i>-inhibiting effects ex vivo and in vivo. In livestock, probiotics have been widely used to eradicate colon or environmental antimicrobial-resistant <i>Enterobacterales</i> colonization with promising efficacy for many years by oral supplementation, in ovo use, or as environmental disinfectants. In humans, probiotics have been used as oral supplements for infants to decease potential gut pathogenic <i>Enterobacterales</i>, and probiotic mixtures, especially, have exhibited positive results. In contrast to the beneficial effects in infants, for adults, probiotic supplements might decrease potentially pathogenic <i>Enterobacterales</i>, but they fail to completely eradicate them in the gut. However, there are several ways to improve the effects of probiotics, including the discovery of probiotics with gut-protection ability and antimicrobial effects, the modification of delivery methods, and the discovery of engineered probiotics. The search for multifunctional probiotics and synbiotics could render the eradication of “bad” <i>Enterobacterales</i> in the human gut via probiotic administration achievable in the future.