Small artiodactyls with tapir-like teeth from the middle Eocene of the Erlian Basin, Inner Mongolia, China

Artiodactyls diversified during the Eocene and Oligocene in North America and Europe after their first Holarctic appearance at the beginning of the Eocene. However, the relationships among early artiodactyls, European endemic forms, and later derived suiforms, tylopods, and ruminants remain unclear. Early artiodactyls are relatively rare in Asia compared to those known from North America and Europe; thus, investigation of Eocene artiodactyls from Asia is important to resolve these issues. Here we report two new genera and three new species of small early artiodactyls from middle Eocene deposits of the Erlian Basin, Inner Mongolia, China. The new materials represent a morphologically gradational series from Asian Land Mammal Ages Irdinmanhan to Sharamurunian, characterized by a trend towards bilophodonty in the lower molars. Morphologic and phylogenetic analyses suggest that these new taxa have a close relationship with the enigmatic European Tapirulus, which currently consists of five species that range from the middle Eocene to the early Oligocene. The close relationship between the Erlian specimens and Tapirulus suggests possible faunal exchanges between Europe and Asia during the middle Eocene, a view that has been supported by other mammalian groups across the two continents. The evolution of bilophodonty in Tapirulidae and Raoellidae is probably attributable to convergence.