Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) management and policy frameworks in the Philippines: A mini review

In 2022, the Philippines generated approximately 537,000 metric tons of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE), equivalent to 4.7kg per capita, positioning the country among the top e-waste producers in Southeast Asia. This surge is attributed to rapid urbanization, increased consumer demand for electronics, and shorter product life spans. Despite existing policies like the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act (RA 9003) and the Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Waste Control Act (RA 6969), enforcement remains inconsistent, leading to widespread informal recycling practices that pose significant health and environmental risks. This study employed a qualitative and descriptive review method to analyze academic literature, government reports, and international policy benchmarks in assessing the current state of e-waste management in the Philippines. Findings reveal that while 91 Treatment, Storage, and Disposal (TSD) facilities were registered as of 2023, their uneven distribution and the lack of infrastructure in many areas hinder effective waste management. Moreover, the continued importation of secondhand electronics further aggravates the e-waste burden. The study concludes that existing efforts are insufficient to address the growing problem and recommends the the enactment of a comprehensive e-waste management law, the prohibition of secondhand electronics importation for disposal, the nationwide expansion of TSD facilities, the development of a centralized e-waste collection system, and the implementation of public education and awareness campaigns.