A 3D finite-element mesh for modeling large-scale surface deformation induced by subduction megathrust earthquakes: Application to Chile

Megaearthquakes (Mw > 8) cause continental-scale, long-lasting surface deformation, mainly due to viscoelastic relaxation of the asthenosphere. To investigate the links between this deformation and the slip history along subduction interfaces—including earthquakes, postseismic slip, and interseismic coupling—large 3D spherical finite-element meshes are required.   This technical report introduces the various steps to build Chile_Mesh_v1.0, a customizable mesh for the Chilean subduction zone, designed as a robust platform for testing various viscoelastic rheologies. It spans ~8500 km in longitude, ~7300 km in latitude, encompassing the entire South American plate, and from the surface to 2900 km depth. Special care was taken to reproduce the complex slab geometry, especially in flat-slab regions such as the Pampean and Peruvian segments, following the Slab2 model.   We show that accurately modeling both coseismic and postseismic deformation over large scales requires realistic meshed domains, extending down to the Core-Mantle boundary and thousands of kilometers from the trench. In some cases, depth-reduced meshes can be used to model viscoelastic postseismic deformation, but they fail to simultaneously capture coseismic deformation accurately. We hope this open-access mesh proves valuable for researchers studying subduction dynamics in Chile and supports the development of similar models for other regions.