The usage of adjectives in the contemporary poetry

Deviation from the norm, deviation  from the  rules that  governing  on  the  syntagmatic relations  of  the words, adding  the  rules  on  the  standard language, displace  in  parts  of  sentence,  and  manipulating  in  accepted  structure  of  grammar,  are  collection  of  methods  that  most  poets  use,  for  arriving  to the language  of  poetry.  Principally,  use  of  methods  in  language  that  focuses  on  language  instead  of  message  creates  foregrounding  in  language  of  poetry.  Foregrounding  in  language  of  poetry,  takes  shape  in  two  kinds  of  deviation  and  extra-regularity,  and  deviation,  takes  shape  with  displace  and  manipulating  in  parts  of  different  areas  of  grammar.  Adjective  that  has  a  secondary  role  in  the  structure  of  sentence,  is  so  flexible,  and  has  suitable  context  for  deviation.  Different  deviations  in  this  area,  especially  in  contemporary poetry,  create  significant  variety  in  application  of  adjective. In this article, examining deviation of adjectives' structure rules in contemporary literature, we have discussed importance of adjective as unessential grammatical component in deviation. In addition, we have shown flexibility of adjective to acceptance of deviation, and reviewed its impact on richness of language in Persian poetry. On the other hand, we have shown that most of deviation types in adjective structure, had been available in past literature (poetry and prose), for this reason, past literature considered as a treasures of language structures.   Adjectives are groups of words, which describe nouns and determine one or more of their characteristics such as their state, number or amount, etc. In fact, adjectives are so important that some scholars believe that they are more important than simile, metonymy and metaphor. Moreover, they state that the best way to express an image is via using adjectives. Furthermore, some have written about the structure of adjectives, which are being investigated grammatically using two different approaches: Firstly, adjectives are investigated as one of the seven parts of speech. Secondly, they are investigated within linguistic contexts, i.e. sentences. The present paper attempts to study some frequent adjective constructions, which deviate from standard linguistic rules, so that they cause defamiliarization in the poetic language. In this paper, investigating the deviations from rules in the use of adjectives in contemporary poetry, we have considered the role of adjectives as a dependent one, which indicates the importance of other dependent roles in the syntactic construction of the Persian language. Moreover, investigating deviations from the rules of the standard language in case of adjective constructions emphasizes the flexibility of adjectives in bringing about types of deviations. This indicates the fact that how much manipulating the construction of this dependent can add up to its functional variety, increase its capabilities in the syntactic construction of the sentences, and lead to great linguistic achievements in Persian poetic language.  In this research, we analysed types of deviations in the use of adjectives such as ‘comparative adjectives’, ‘phrasal adjectives’, ‘negative adjectives’ and their subcategories in contemporary poetry.  However, via introducing examples of these deviations in classical poetry, we emphasized the existence of such strategies in the history of Persian literature to indicate that using this strategy in contemporary poetry is not innovative, but it’s restructuring classical linguistic constructions.  That poets have paid special attention to the manipulation of adjective constructions indicates the importance of adjectives in foregrounding the language. Studying deviations from the rules of language in adjective constructions, which had existed in classical poetry as well, shows that some contemporary poets have been aware of linguistic achievements of the classical literature. Moreover, this is an indication of the existence of rich inventories of linguistic achievements in the classical poetry. Knowing these achievements can enrich contemporary poetry as well, especially, when this can increase the domain of foregrounding in language to give the chance to the poet to foreground the language from various dimensions.