A Systematic Review of Organizational Kindness' Requirements and Obstacles by Meta-Synthesis Approach

Organizational kindness is a positive phenomenon that help organizations achieve competitive advantage. This study aimed to identify the requirements and obstacles of organizational kindness at hospitals of Herat province. Utilizing systematic review and qualitative meta-synthesis approach, analysed existing literature following the seven steps outlined by Sandelowski and Barroso. The originality of the subject is notable, as it has been largely overlooked in domestic studies. A total of 223 authentic scientific texts in English were initially identified, and ultimately, 33 research titles were thoroughly examined. The PRISMA framework guided the screening process, while the CASP scale was employed to assess the qualifications and validate the resources. Using MAXQDA2024 software, 278 primary concepts were extracted, revealing 182 concepts related to organizational kindness' requirements and 96 concepts associated to organizational kindness' obstacles. To further validate the model developed for the hospitals in Herat province, administrative managers and medical staff were interviewed, with the data analysed through thematic analysis. The Kappa index was applied to measure the reliability of the research model. Additionally, experts confirmed the validity of the research using the content validity ratio and the content validity index, ensuring the rigour and applicability of the findings.