Real-World Evaluation of AI-Driven Diabetic Retinopathy Screening in Public Health Settings: Validation and Implementation Study

Abstract BackgroundArtificial intelligence (AI) algorithms offer an effective solution to alleviate the burden of diabetic retinopathy (DR) screening in public health settings. However, there are challenges in translating diagnostic performance and its application when deployed in real-world conditions. ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the technical feasibility of integration and diagnostic performance of validated DR screening (DRS) AI algorithms in real-world outpatient public health settings. MethodsPrior to integrating an AI algorithm for DR screening, the study involved several steps: (1) Five AI companies, including four from India and one international company, were invited to evaluate their diagnostic performance using low-cost nonmydriatic fundus cameras in public health settings; (2) The AI algorithms were prospectively validated on fundus images from 250 people with diabetes mellitus, captured by a trained optometrist in public health settings in Chandigarh Tricity in North India. The performance evaluation used diagnostic metrics, including sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy, compared to human grader assessments; (3) The AI algorithm with better diagnostic performance was integrated into a low-cost screening camera deployed at a community health center (CHC) in the Moga district of Punjab, India. For AI algorithm analysis, a trained health system optometrist captured nonmydriatic images of 343 patients. ResultsThree web-based AI screening companies agreed to participate, while one declined and one chose to withdraw due to low specificity identified during the interim analysis. The three AI algorithms demonstrated variable diagnostic performance, with sensitivity (60%-80%) and specificity (14%-96%). Upon integration, the better-performing algorithm AI-3 (sensitivity: 68%, specificity: 96, and accuracy: 88·43%) demonstrated high sensitivity of image gradability (99.5%), DR detection (99.6%), and referral DR (79%) at the CHC. ConclusionsThis study highlights the importance of systematic AI validation for responsible clinical integration, demonstrating the potential of DRS to improve health care access in resource-limited public health settings.