Behavior Change Strategies in Digital Exercise Interventions for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: Scoping Review

BackgroundAdolescent idiopathic scoliosis is a common spinal deformity typically treated with exercise therapy. Despite the increasing use of digital technologies in interventions, there remains a gap in understanding how to effectively integrate behavior change techniques (BCTs) and behavior theories within these digital solutions. ObjectiveThis review aims to identify the digital characteristics of interventions and the BCTs used, and to analyze potential theoretical mechanisms with the Theoretical Domains Framework and the capability, opportunity, motivation, and behavior model. MethodsWe conducted a scoping review according to the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews) guidelines. A total of 5 databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, and CINAHL, were selected for screening eligible studies up to April 4, 2024. We included studies of any design type that involved patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis using digital interventions for exercise rehabilitation, including qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods studies, and study protocols with detailed descriptions of digital interventions. Two researchers independently screened studies and extracted data into tables for descriptive analysis. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool was used to assess the quality of studies. ResultsOut of the 3267 identified papers, 21 (0.64%) studies were included. The most frequently used technologies were videoconferencing (n=7) and instructional videos (n=5). The three most common BCT clusters were “Shaping Knowledge” (n=19), “Social Support” (n=16), and “Antecedents” (n=16). “Knowledge” was the most used mechanism of action (n=21), followed by “Skills” (n=16), “Environmental Context and Resources” (n=16), and “Social Influences” (n=16). The studies primarily addressed “Capability” and “Opportunity,” with less emphasis on “Motivation,” particularly “Automatic Motivation.” ConclusionsThis review identified common digital technologies and their characteristics, analyzed potential mechanisms of behavior change in interventions, and provided recommendations for technology utilization. Future research should further evaluate the effectiveness of digital technologies while enhancing patient motivation and user experience. Trial RegistrationPROSPERO CRD42024530851; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD42024530851