Path planning for auto docking of underactuated ships based on Bezier curve and hybrid A* search algorithm

ObjectiveThis paper develops a multi-stage path planning algorithm for the auto docking operation of an underactuated surface vehicle (USV). As one of the most difficult tasks, docking requires advanced maneuvering skills. Therefore, it is necessary to generate a smooth trajectory in the berthing environment while maintaining control accuracy. MethodThe proposed method introduces a hybrid A* search algorithm in the pre-docking stage in which the well-known A* search algorithm is combined with the kinematic state space of the USV using the Reeds–Shepp curves, enabling it to produce sub-optimal paths that guarantee kinematic feasibility and low collision risk. For the docking stage, a cubic Bezier curve is introduced to represent the target path. The generated trajectories are then tested in numerical simulations wherein a mathematical model of a ship with two fixed propellers is established and verified. ResultsThe simulation and experimental results show that the path planning and tracking performance of the method are satisfactory.ConclusionThe proposed path planning method can contribute to automatic ship docking and the development of smart ships.