On the plant growth versus defense antagonism: Past, present and future

Abstract One of the most fascinating aspects of the plant immune system is the growth versus defense antagonism. This phenomenon describes a physiological condition where the activation of defense mechanisms suppresses growth, and vice-versa. This trade-off has profound implications in natural and agronomical ecosystems, making it a critical focus of research in plant biology. In this viewpoint, I offer a historical perspective our understanding of the growth versus defense antagonism in plants, highlighting a significant paradigm shift in the field. Traditionally, this negative correlation was attributed to limited resources, which plants must allocate either to growth or to defense. However, recent discoveries of the genetic components governing the balance between plant growth and defense revealed that this tradeoff is a strategic adaptation for fitness optimization in varying environments. I also share personal insights into the current challenges and emerging opportunities in this research area. By exploring the past, present, and future of growth versus defense antagonism, this article aims to contribute to the development of innovative strategies that enhance plant resilience and productivity. Such advances are critical for transforming agriculture in the face of increasing pest and pathogen pressures and the mounting challenges of climate change.