The behaviour of ternary hybrid nanofluid: Graphene oxide, Aluminium oxide, Silicon dioxide in heat transfer rate

The miniaturization in the design of the electronic system became inevitable due to the rapid advancement and development of technology. This has imposed challenges to the thermal management capability as the heat flux density has increased tremendously due to a smaller heat transfer surface. Nanofluids adoption in electronic cooling seems to be an alternative way for better heat dissipation. This research explores the feasibility of ternary hybrid nanofluids GO: Al2O3: SiO2 in water with different volume concentrations and mixture ratios in a serpentine cooling plate. In this research, 0.01% GO + Al2O3: SiO2, 0.006% GO + Al2O3: SiO2, and 0.008% GO + Al2O3: SiO2 in mixture ratios of 10:90 and 20:80 (Al2O3: SiO2) were studied. The result showed that 0.01% GO + Al2O3: SiO2 (10:90) nanofluids displayed the highest enhancement of heat transfer coefficient with 1.1 times higher as compared to the base fluid. This was then followed by 0.008% GO + Al2O3: SiO2  (10:90) and  0.006% GO + Al2O3: SiO2 (10:90) with 1.03 times and 0.87 times higher heat transfer coefficient enhancement consecutively as compared to the base fluid. In term of mixture ratios, GO in 10:90 (Al2O3: SiO2) performed better than 20:80. To assess the feasibility of adoption, the advantage ratio (AR) was conducted to measure both heat transfer enhancement and pressure drop effect. The AR analysis showed that at the lower Reynolds, Re number region, the 0.01% GO + Al2O3: SiO2  (10:90) ternary hybrid nanofluids was proven to be the most feasible due to a higher ratio of heat transfer enhancement over the pressure drop penalty.