Mapping landslide susceptibility in the Debretabor-Alember road sector, Northwestern Ethiopia through geospatial tools and statistical approaches

This study aimed to locate areas along the Debretabor-Alember route segment in northern Ethiopia that are susceptible to landslides. Geospatial tools, specifically frequency ratios (FR) and information values (IV), were used to develop landslide susceptibility maps (LSMs). A comprehensive on-site investigation and analysis of Google Earth imagery were conducted, resulting in the detection and analysis of 89 landslides, including current and historical events. The dataset used for validation comprised 78% of the previously documented landslides, whereas the remaining 22% was used for training. Several factors were considered in this study to determine landslide susceptibility, including "slope, aspect, curvature, elevation, lithology, distance from streams, land use and cover, precipitation, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)", and the FR and IV models. Based on the results obtained using the FR approach, specific areas exhibited different levels of susceptibility, ranging from very low to moderately high, medium, high, and very high. These areas covered a total of 18.4 km2 (19.9%), 18.9 km2 (20.5%), 19.7 km2 (20.3%), 17.7 km2 (20%), and 17.7 km2 (19%), respectively. The LSMs generated by the IV model indicated multiple susceptibility classes in the study area, varying from very low to very high. These maps revealed that 18.4 km2 (19.8%), 18.8 km2 (20%), 18.9 km2 (19.5%), 18.8 km2 (20.5%), and 18.3 km2 (19.8%) of the area fell into these susceptibility classes. The landslide density indicator method was employed to validate the LSMs. The FR and IV models demonstrated that a significant proportion of confirmed past and current landslide records (72.16% and 73.86%, respectively) occurred in regions with a high or very high susceptibility to landslides. Overall, the IV model, which utilized latent variable structural modeling (LSM) in the independent variable model, outperformed the fixed effects regression model (FR).