Nanoparticles in low-temperature preservation of biological systems of animal origin

In recent years, nanotechnology has had a profound impact on low-temperature preservation, offering advanced solutions that significantly improve the storage of biological samples. Low-temperature preservation is crucial for numerous fields, such as medicine, agriculture, and biological research, where maintaining the viability and integrity of cells, tissues, and organs over extended periods is essential. Integration of nanotechnology into low-temperature preservation protocols represents significant advancement, enabling more effective, safer, and efficient storage of biological specimens. Moreover, it affords effective strategies for solving one of the most pressing challenges in transplantology and cryobiology today – cryopreservation of whole organs. This not only enhances the viability of cryopreserved materials but also broadens the scope of their applications in science and medicine. This article is a traditional review that summarizes the limitations of methods for the low-temperature storage of biological systems of animal origin and the current advances in nano-assisted technologies aimed at overcoming them. We have made every effort to accurately detail the role of inorganic nanoparticles in enhancing the field of cryobiology, paying special attention to their application in various methods of low-temperature preservation, specifically in hypothermic storage, slow-freezing cryopreservation, and vitrification. Finally, current challenges are critically assessed and perspectives are discussed.